ArticleViruses2021
Genetic Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Pakistani Live Bird Markets Reveals Rapid Diversification of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Novel recombinant H5-based vaccine provides effective protection against H5N1 influenza virus in cats.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Decoding non-human mammalian adaptive signatures of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 to assess its human adaptive potential.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Five Avian Influenza H5N1 Subtypes from WildVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- The genomic landscape of swine influenza A viruses in Southeast Asia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Potential cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses to humans calls for the development of H5-specific and universal influenza vaccines.Cell discovery · 2023Review
- Global review of the H5N8 avian influenza virus subtype.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Detection by environmental surveillance and genomic characterization of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from a poultry meat market in Beijing, China, 2021-22.Veterinary research communications · 2022Article
- Assessing potential pathogenicity of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N6) viruses isolated from Mongolian wild duck feces using a mouse model.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
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Abstract
The highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have undergone reassortment with multiple non-N1-subtype neuraminidase genes since 2008, leading to the emergence of H5Nx viruses. H5Nx viruses established themselves quickly in birds and disseminated from China to Africa, the Middle East, Europe and North America. Multiple genetic clades have successively evolved through frequent mutations and reassortment, posing a continuous threat to domestic poultry and causing substantial economic losses. Live bird markets are recognized as major sources of avian-to-human infection and for the emergence of zoonotic influenza. In Pakistan, the A(H5N1) virus was first reported in domestic birds in 2007; however, avian influenza surveillance is limited and there is a lack of knowledge on the evolution and transmission of the A(H5) virus in the country. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from domestic poultry and environmental samples from six different live bird markets during 2018-2019. We detected and sequenced HPAI A(H5N8) viruses from two chickens, one quail and one environmental sample in two markets. Temporal phylogenetics indicated that all novel HPAI A(H5N8) viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, with all eight genes of Pakistan A(H5N8) viruses most closely related to 2017 Saudi Arabia A(H5N8) viruses, which were likely introduced via cross-border transmission from neighboring regions approximately three months prior to virus detection into domestic poultry. Our data further revealed that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses underwent rapid lineage expansion in 2017 and acquired significant amino acid mutations, including mutations associated with increased haemagglutinin affinity to human α-2,6 receptors, prior to the first human A(H5N8) infection in Russian poultry workers in 2020. These results highlight the need for systematic avian influenza surveillance in live bird markets in Pakistan to monitor for potential A(H5Nx) variants that may arise from poultry populations.
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