ArticlePharmaceutics2021
Roflumilast Powders for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Formulation Design and the Influence of Device, Inhalation Flow Rate, and Storage Relative Humidity on Aerosolization.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- KH550 and Sodium Palmitate Mediated Synergistic Modification of Micronized Silver Powder: Insights into Dispersion Regulation and TOPCon Paste Performance Optimization.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of Different Amino Acids on the Aerosolization, Stability and Cytotoxicity of Spray-Dried Cannabidiol Dry Powder for Inhalation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Spray-Dried Inhalable Microparticles Combining Remdesivir and Ebselen against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Amorphicity and Aerosolization of Soluplus-Based Inhalable Spray Dried Powders.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Manipulation of Spray-Drying Conditions to Develop an Inhalable Ivermectin Dry Powder.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Roflumilast is currently administered orally to control acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and weight loss have limited its application. This work aimed to develop an inhalable roflumilast formulation to reduce the dose and potentially circumvent the associated toxicity. Roflumilast was cospray-dried with trehalose and L-leucine with varied feed concentrations and spray-gas flow rates to produce the desired dry powder. A Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) was used to assess the aerosolization efficiency. In addition, different devices (Aerolizer, Rotahaler, and Handihaler) and flow rates were used to investigate their effects on the aerosolization efficiency. A cytotoxicity assay was also performed. The powders produced under optimized conditions were partially amorphous and had low moisture content. The powders showed good dispersibility, as evident by the high emitted dose (>88%) and fine particle fraction (>52%). At all flow rates (≥30 L/min), the Aerolizer offered the best aerosolization. The formulation exhibited stable aerosolization after storage at 25 °C/15% Relative Humidity (RH) for one month. Moreover, the formulation was non-toxic to alveolar basal epithelial cells. A potential inhalable roflumilast formulation including L-leucine and trehalose has been developed for the treatment of COPD. This study also suggests that the choice of device is crucial to achieve the desired aerosol performance.
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Registered trials
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