ArticleVaccines2021
Influenza Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccines Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S Glycoprotein, S1, or S2 Domains.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza virus-like particles presentingNanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 ofVaccines · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in Antiviral Drug Delivery Strategies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Viral vector- and virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases: A minireview.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Pseudotyping Improves the Yield of Functional SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles (VLPs) as Tools for Vaccine and Therapeutic Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Protein-based nano-vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current design strategies and advances of candidate vaccines.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2023Review
- A perspective on SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles vaccines.International immunopharmacology · 2023Review
- Respiratory Viruses and Virus-like Particle Vaccine Development: How Far Have We Advanced?Viruses · 2023Review
- Development of virus-like particles-based vaccines against coronaviruses.Biotechnology progress · 2022Review
- Article
- Application of Baculovirus Expression Vector system (BEV) for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics: a review.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2022Review
- Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Nanoparticle and virus-like particle vaccine approaches against SARS-CoV-2.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Review
- Immunogenicity and protective potential of chimeric virus-like particles containing SARS-CoV-2 spike and H5N1 matrix 1 proteins.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Neuraminidase in Virus-like Particles Contributes to the Protection against High Dose of Avian Influenza Virus Challenge Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic had brought disastrous consequences throughout the entire world. While several manufactured vaccines have been approved for emergency use, continuous efforts to generate novel vaccines are needed. In this study, we developed SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the full length of spike (S) glycoprotein (S full), S1, or S2 together with the influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) as a core protein. Successfully constructed VLPs expressing the S full, S1, and S2 via Sf9 cell transfections were confirmed and characterized by Western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). VLP immunization in mice induced higher levels of spike protein-specific IgG and its subclasses compared to naïve control, with IgG2a being the most predominant subclass. S full and S1 immune sera elicited virus-neutralizing activities, but these were not strong enough to fully inhibit receptor-ligand binding of the SARS-CoV-2. Neutralizing activities were not observed from the S2 VLP immune sera. Overall, our findings revealed that S full or S1 containing VLPs can be developed into effective vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.