ReviewVaccines2021
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- TLR9 and STING agonists adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E induced a potent and durable nasal vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- cGAS-STING pathway activation drives the cold-to-hot tumor transition and sensitizes immunotherapy.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Lyophilizable Thermostable Nano-Aluminum Adjuvant and Combinations Induced Robust Antigen-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Mice.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Innate Pathway Selection Modulates Antibody and T-Cell Responses to Mosaic Influenza Nucleoprotein in Cattle.Viruses · 2026Article
- Targeting cGAS-STING signaling to overcome antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections: Challenges and opportunities.Science advances · 2026Review
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Elicitation of Protective Immune Responses Against Influenza Virus Following Intranasal Delivery of Fluzone or Flublok Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Intranasal delivery of a COBRA-based protein vaccine adjuvanted with c-di-AMP enhances breadth of protective immune responses against seasonal influenza viruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiota ofMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Novel Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Vaccines to Combat Infectious Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Metal-organic frameworks activate the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Conjugated STING agonists.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- A Cyclic-di-AMP Adjuvanted CPAF Protein Vaccine Is Immunogenic in Swine, but It Fails to Reduce GenitalVaccines · 2025Article
- Progress Update on STING Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Targeting cGAS-STING pathway for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Novel vaccine strategies to induce respiratory mucosal immunity: advances and implications.MedComm · 2025Review
- Activation of cellular responses by cyclic dinucleotides andJournal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Novel Modifications and Delivery Modes of Cyclic Dinucleotides for STING Activation in Cancer Treatment.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Impact and applications of cyclic di-GMP second messenger signaling in biotechnology and medicine.Sustainable microbiology · 2025Review
- Intranasal administration of octavalent next-generation influenza vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses.Journal of virology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.