ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2021
The Density of Different Local Anesthetic Solutions, Opioid Adjuvants and Their Clinically Used Combinations: An Experimental Study.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Analgesic Effect of Nefopam in Patients Undergoing Orthopedics Surgery with Tourniquet: a Double-blind Case-control Trial.Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2025Trial
- Comparison of sequential and mixture injections of opioids and hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid block for lower segment caesarean section: a randomised controlled study.Irish journal of medical science · 2024Trial
- Thoracic segmental spinal anaesthesia using isobaric bupivacaine for total laparoscopic hysterectomy: A retrospective study.Indian journal of anaesthesia · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the thoracic epidural spread after caudal thoracic contrast medium injections in cat cadavers.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Review
- Horner's Syndrome and Upper Limb Paresthesia During Labor Epidural Analgesia: A Case Report.Cureus · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Various opioids are added to local anesthetic solutions for spinal anesthesia. This may change the final density of the local anestetic (LA) mixture. This effect regarding current concepts in spinal anesthesia needs to be re-evaluated. In order to re-evaluate such effects, hyperbaric and isobaric local anesthetic (LA) solutions were mixed with opioid adjuvants (A) using the equipment available in the operating room. Ten density measurements for each composition (LA-A) were performed. The density change of 0.0006 g/mL was regarded as significant. Measured densities were also compared with theoretical values calculated using Hare's. As a result, the addition of an opioid adjuvant caused a significant reduction in the final density of the LA-A solution. In hyperbaric LA mixtures, it did not change the baricity from hyperbaric to isobaric. However, the addition of highly hypobaric fentanyl 0.99360 g/mL (SD ± 0.00004) changes all isobaric LA solutions baricity to hypobaric. The comparison of measured and theoretical densities revealed significant differences (
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