ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathogenic Significance of Trypanosomatids: Progress in Drug Resistance, Control Strategies, and Artificial Intelligence.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Evasive mechanisms of human VSG and PfEMP1 antigens with link to Vaccine scenario: a review.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2025Review
- Carmaphycin B-Based Proteasome Inhibitors to Treat Human African Trypanosomiasis: Structure-Activity Relationship andACS infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Animal Trypanosomiasis: Challenges and Prospects for New Vaccination Strategies.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicles released by Trypanosoma evansi: induction analysis and proteomics.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Beyond the VSG layer: Exploring the role of intrinsic disorder in the invariant surface glycoproteins of African trypanosomes.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Tackling Sleeping Sickness: Current and Promising Therapeutics and Treatment Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cloning and Characterization ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- From Genetics to Epigenetics: Top 4 Aspects for Improved SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Designs as Paradigmatic Examples.Global medical genetics · 2022Review
- Low Dose Gamma Irradiation ofFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes comprise a group of extracellular anthroponotic and zoonotic parasites. The only sustainable method for global control of these infection is through vaccination of livestock animals. Despite multiple reports describing promising laboratory results, no single field-applicable solution has been successful so far. Conventionally, vaccine research focusses mostly on exposed immunogenic antigens, or the structural molecular knowledge of surface exposed invariant immunogens. Unfortunately, extracellular parasites (or parasites with extracellular life stages) have devised efficient defense systems against host antibody attacks, so they can deal with the mammalian humoral immune response. In the case of trypanosomes, it appears that these mechanisms have been perfected, leading to vaccine failure in natural hosts. Here, we provide two examples of potential vaccine candidates that, despite being immunogenic and accessible to the immune system, failed to induce a functionally protective memory response. First, trypanosomal enolase was tested as a vaccine candidate, as it was recently characterized as a highly conserved enzyme that is readily recognized during infection by the host antibody response. Secondly, we re-addressed a vaccine approach towards the Invariant Surface Glycoprotein ISG75, and showed that despite being highly immunogenic, trypanosomes can avoid anti-ISG75 mediated parasitemia control.
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Registered trials
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