ArticleGenome biology and evolution2021
Horizontal Transfer of Microbial Toxin Genes to Gall Midge Genomes.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Horizontal gene transfer rivals gene duplication as a source of anti-parasitoid immune innovation in the Drosophilidae.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of 163 ant genomes reveals recurrent horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to ants.GigaScience · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and Genetic Drivers of Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides and Approaches to Its Control.Toxics · 2025Review
- Experimental horizontal transfer of phage-derived genes to Drosophila confers innate immunity to parasitoids.Current biology : CB · 2025Article
- Pore-Forming Toxin-Like Proteins in the Anti-Parasitoid Immune Response of Drosophila.Journal of innate immunity · 2025Article
- Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution.Toxins · 2024Review
- Flies co-opt bacterial toxins for use in defense against parasitoids.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Evolution of insect innate immunity through domestication of bacterial toxins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Diversity and function of arthropod endosymbiont toxins.Trends in microbiology · 2022Review
- Evolution in small steps and giant leaps.Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has underscored the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in animal evolution. Previously, we discovered the horizontal transfer of the gene encoding the eukaryotic genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB) from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE) phages to drosophilid and aphid nuclear genomes. Here, we report cdtB in the nuclear genome of the gall-forming "swede midge" Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) via HGT. We searched all available gall midge genome sequences for evidence of APSE-to-insect HGT events and found five toxin genes (aip56, cdtB, lysozyme, rhs, and sltxB) transferred horizontally to cecidomyiid nuclear genomes. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analyses of HGT candidates indicated APSE phages were often not the ancestral donor lineage of the toxin gene to cecidomyiids. We used a phylogenetic signal statistic to test a transfer-by-proximity hypothesis for animal HGT, which suggested that microbe-to-insect HGT was more likely between taxa that share environments than those from different environments. Many of the toxins we found in midge genomes target eukaryotic cells, and catalytic residues important for toxin function are conserved in insect copies. This class of horizontally transferred, eukaryotic cell-targeting genes is potentially important in insect adaptation.
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