ArticleCell reports2021
Combining spike- and nucleocapsid-based vaccines improves distal control of SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 154 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development-A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Affinity Selection of MS2 VLPs as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates Targeting Nucleocapsid Protein.Viruses · 2026Article
- A Multiepitope Intranasal Adenoviral Vaccine Induces Robust Mucosal Immunity and Protection against SARS‑CoV‑2.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- Multi-epitope vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 omicron S and N proteins promotes enhanced immunity: a computational approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunization with MVA-based vaccines protects K18-hACE2 mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated inflammatory lesions in brains.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Structural insights into clonal restriction and diversity in T cell recognition of two immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitopes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of adenovirus, mRNA, and protein vaccines reveals context-dependent immunogenicity and efficacy.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Single self-cleaving mRNA vaccine expressing multiple viral structural proteins elicits robust immune responses and protects nursing piglets against PDCoV infection.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- A viral vector prime and protein boost vaccine regimen elicits higher binding antibody titers than a homologous viral vector prime-boost regimen.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- When more isn't better: the surprising superiority of glycoprotein-only Marburg vaccines.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- A nasal vaccine candidate based on S2 and N proteins from SARS-CoV-2 generates a broad antibody response systemically and in the lower respiratory tract.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Structural basis of a human antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein dimerization domain and interfering with RNA-binding.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Single dose VSV-based vaccine protects mice against lethal heterologous Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus challenge.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Protective Potential and Functional Role of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the envelope and membrane open-reading frames as a vaccine platform.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2.Vaccines · 2025Review
- LNP-RNA-mediated antigen presentation leverages SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity for cancer treatment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Combined immunization with SARS-CoV-2 spike and SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protects K18-hACE2 mice but increases lung pathology.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes respiratory insufficiency and neurological manifestations, including loss of smell and psychiatric disorders, and can be fatal. Most vaccines are based on the spike antigen alone, and although they have shown efficacy at preventing severe disease and death, they do not always confer sterilizing immunity. Here, we interrogate whether SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could be improved by incorporating nucleocapsid as an antigen. We show that, after 72 h of challenge, a spike-based vaccine confers acute protection in the lung, but not in the brain. However, combining a spike-based vaccine with a nucleocapsid-based vaccine confers acute protection in both the lung and brain. These findings suggest that nucleocapsid-specific immunity can improve the distal control of SARS-CoV-2, warranting the inclusion of nucleocapsid in next-generation COVID-19 vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.