ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021
Hyperreflective Foci, Optical Coherence Tomography Progression Indicators in Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Include Transdifferentiated Retinal Pigment Epithelium.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-Resolution and Multimodal Structural Phenotyping of Intermediate and Advanced Non-Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Hyperreflective Choroidal Foci Characterization Supports the Existence of Different Clinical Phenotypes of Geographic Atrophy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Split-Spectrum Amplitude-Decorrelation Optoretinography Detects Impaired Photoreceptor Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Interpreting Hyperreflective Foci in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Critical Review of Cell Origins, Evolving Terminology and Clinical Utility.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Non neovascular Age - related macular degeneration - Review on clinical and imaging advances.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Reference Standard for Validation of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Screening Algorithms.Ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Photobiomodulation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Framework and Translational Perspective.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Histology correlated adaptive optics polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Müller Cell Changes and Subretinal Membrane Formation in an Eye With Multifocal Geographic Atrophy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Histologic Photoreceptor and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Degeneration in an Eye With Clinically Documented Geographic Atrophy of AMD.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial ROS in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Thresholds, Quality Control Failure, and Precision Therapeutic Windows.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Eccentricity-Dependent Reflectivity Rates-of-Change Across the Retina in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Automated Segmentation and Characterization of Retinal Hyperreflective Foci in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of hyperreflective spots as a novel biomarker in patients with glaucoma.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Cellular-Scale Photoreceptor Remodeling After Macular Hole Surgery Examined by Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Structural Biomarkers Influencing Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment Lifecycle and the Development of Late Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Time Course of Structural, Functional, Complement Changes and Inflammatory Processes in a Sodium Iodate Rat Model of Geographic Atrophy.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Spatial distribution of Intra-retinal Hyper-reflective foci and impact on progression in eyes with intermediate Age-related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Determinants of Intergrader Agreement for Key Retinal Photography and OCT Biomarkers in AMD.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Using adaptive optics to assess hyporeflective clump speed and size in age-related macular degeneration in the PINNACLE Study. (PINNACLE Study Report 6).Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: By optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, hyperreflective foci (HRF) indicate progression risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and are in part attributable to ectopic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We hypothesized that ectopic RPE are molecularly distinct from in-layer cells and that their cross-retinal course follows Müller glia. Methods: In clinical OCT (61 eyes, 44 patients with AMD, 79.4 ± 7.7 years; 29 female; follow-up = 4.7 ± 0.9 years), one HRF type, RPE plume (n = 129 in 4 morphologies), was reviewed. Twenty eyes of 20 donors characterized by ex vivo OCT were analyzed by histology (normal, 4; early/intermediate AMD, 7; geographic atrophy, 6; neovascular AMD, 3). Cryosections were stained with antibodies to retinoid (RPE65, CRALPB) and immune (CD68, CD163) markers. In published RPE cellular phenotypes, red immunoreactivity was assessed semiquantitatively by one observer (none, some cells, all cells). Results: Plume morphology evolved over time and many resolved (40%). Trajectories of RPE plume and cellular debris paralleled Müller glia, including near atrophy borders. RPE corresponding to HRF lost immunoreactivity for retinoid markers and gained immunoreactivity for immune markers. Aberrant immunoreactivity appeared in individual in-layer RPE cells and extended to all abnormal phenotypes. Müller glia remained CRALBP positive. Plume cells approached and contacted retinal capillaries. Conclusions: HRF are indicators not predictors of overall disease activity. Gain and loss of function starts with individual in-layer RPE cells and extends to all abnormal phenotypes. Evidence for RPE transdifferentiation, possibly due to ischemia, supports a proposed process of epithelial-mesenchyme transition. Data can propel new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for AMD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.