ArticleNature neuroscience2021
Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction.
Erratum issuedOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 236 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
236citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
39.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
236 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 322 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association analyses of borderline personality disorder identify 11 loci and highlight shared risk with mental and somatic disorders.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding association with DNA methylation in the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Pooled it
- The genetics of cannabis lifetime use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses incorporating SNP-by-psychosocial interactions identify novel loci for serum lipids.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analyses of the temporal stability and convergent validity of risk preference measures.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Identification and validation of supervariants reveal novel loci associated with human white matter microstructure.Genome research · 2024Pooled it
- Multi-ancestry study of the genetics of problematic alcohol use in over 1 million individuals.Nature medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study in 404,302 individuals identifies 7 significant loci for reaction time variability.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Multiple Novel Rare Variants to Predict Common Human Infectious Diseases Risk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Advancing models of PTSD-AUD comorbidity: protocol for a multimethod framework using genetics and ecological momentary assessment.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Psychiatric and substance use disorder polygenic scores are associated with the exposome in youth.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Genetic links between multimorbidity and human aging.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Disorder-specific and shared genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Genome-wide analysis of social behaviour across social domains, reporters and developmental stages: a meta-regression approach.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Genetics of Educational Attainment and Childhood Problem Behavior: Direct Genetic Effects, Cognitive Pathways, and Sex Differences.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Early-childhood temperament trajectories map onto transdiagnostic psychiatric risk.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The contribution of common and rare genetic variation to emotional and behavioural symptoms in childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Parental Incarceration and Children's Risk of Violent Victimization: An Examination of Risks and Perpetrators' Relationship With the Victim in Finnish Total Population Data.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
176 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
30 authors at 20 institutions in 2 countries.
Richard Karlsson Linnér *Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-2858
Travis T Mallard *Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3001
Peter B Barr *Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-657X
Sandra Sanchez-Roige *Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-5699
James W MadoleDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-0004
Morgan N DriverDepartment of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Holly E PooreDepartment of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Ronald de VlamingDepartment of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6416-6067
Andrew D GrotzingerDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-9244
Jorim J TielbeekDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Emma C JohnsonDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-777X
Mengzhen LiuDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Sara Brin RosenthalCenter for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Trey IdekerDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Hang ZhouDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-6391
Rachel L KemberCenter for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2659
Joëlle A PasmanBehavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Karin J H VerweijDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Dajiang J LiuDepartment of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
Scott VriezeDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-7930
COGA Collaborators
Henry R KranzlerCenter for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0450
Joel GelernterDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
Kathleen Mullan HarrisDepartment of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Elliot M Tucker-DrobDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-6237
Irwin D WaldmanDepartment of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-1837
Abraham A PalmerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-0747
K Paige HardenDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-6737
Philipp D KoellingerDepartment of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. koellinger@wisc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-0412
Danielle M DickDepartment of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. ddick@vcu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-893X
Washington University in St. Louis · USSUNY Downstate Health Sciences University · USIndiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis · USRutgers, The State University of New Jersey · USUniversity of Iowa · USVirginia Commonwealth University · USUniversity of California San Diego · USEmory University · USThe University of Texas at Austin · USUniversity of Connecticut · USVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLHoward University · USIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism · USUniversity of Minnesota · USUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · USYale University · USAmsterdam University Medical Centers · NLChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · US
Funding
Subject CollectionU10AA008401 · NIAAA · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI Jacquelyn Leigh Meyers · 1989 to 2026
$162.7MVanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) -Identifying correlates of functional immunity in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasmaUL1TR002243 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Paul A. Harris, Wesley H Self · 2017 to 2026
$130.7MNational Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (NCRAD)U24AG021886 · NIA · INDIANA UNIV-PURDUE UNIV AT INDIANAPOLIS · PI TATIANA M. FOROUD · 2002 to 2026
$119.8MWave IV Data CollectionP01HD031921 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI HARRIS, KATHLEEN MULLAN · 1994 to 2020
$86.1MVANDERBILT UNIVERSITY CTSA FOR PEDIATRIC RESEARCHUL1RR024975 · NCRR · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2007 to 2011
$45.7MThe Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR)UL1TR000445 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2012 to 2016
$41.4MSequencing CoreP50DA037844 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI MEYER, PAUL J · 2014 to 2023
$27.4MProject 5 - Genetic architecture of alcohol use disorder using cross-trait genetic correlations and public next-generation sequencing studiesP50AA022537 · NIAAA · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI JILL C BETTINGER · 2014 to 2026
$19.6MPharmacogenomics of Arrhythmia TherapyU19HL065962 · NHLBI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI RODEN, DAN M · 2010 to 2014
$17.4MNeurodevelopmental Genomics: Trajectories of Complex PhenotypesRC2MH089983 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI GUR, RAQUEL E · 2009 to 2011
$14.3MUnderstanding and preventing HLA-associated drug reactionsP50GM115305 · NIGMS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI PHILLIPS, ELIZABETH · 2015 to 2019
$13.0M2/2 Neurodevelopmental Genomics: Trajectories of Complex PhenotypesRC2MH089924 · NIMH · CHILDREN'S HOSP OF PHILADELPHIA · PI HAKONARSON, HAKON · 2009 to 2011
$10.7MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR025141NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR024975NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004798NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG006378NHLBI NIH HHS U19 HL065962NIAAA NIH HHS K02 AA018755NIAAA NIH HHS P50 AA022537NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA015416NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA026281NIAAA NIH HHS U10 AA008401NIA NIH HHS U24 AG021886NICHD NIH HHS P01 HD031921NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD042849NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD060726NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD073342NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD074711NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD083613NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD092548NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA037844NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA044283NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA050721NIGMS NIH HHS P50 GM115305NIGMS NIH HHS RC2 GM092618NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120219NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089924NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089983NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS032830
Abstract
Behaviors and disorders related to self-regulation, such as substance use, antisocial behavior and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, are collectively referred to as externalizing and have shared genetic liability. We applied a multivariate approach that leverages genetic correlations among externalizing traits for genome-wide association analyses. By pooling data from ~1.5 million people, our approach is statistically more powerful than single-trait analyses and identifies more than 500 genetic loci. The loci were enriched for genes expressed in the brain and related to nervous system development. A polygenic score constructed from our results predicts a range of behavioral and medical outcomes that were not part of genome-wide analyses, including traits that until now lacked well-performing polygenic scores, such as opioid use disorder, suicide, HIV infections, criminal convictions and unemployment. Our findings are consistent with the idea that persistent difficulties in self-regulation can be conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental trait with complex and far-reaching social and health correlates.
Indexed as
Genetic Association StudiesSelf-ControlAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBehavior, AddictiveBehavioral SymptomsComputational BiologyCrimeGenome-Wide Association StudyHIV InfectionsHumansMeta-Analysis as TopicMultifactorial InheritanceMultivariate AnalysisOpioid-Related DisordersReproducibility of ResultsSuicide
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