ArticleParasites & vectors2021
Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Roles of Contrasting Host Types on the Environmental Abundance ofEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- A recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LF) for detection of Babesia divergens-like parasites.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Asynchronous local differences in Lyme disease environmental hazard driven by variation in tick abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Identification and mapping of potential and highly likely vectors for selected vector-borne diseases in the EU and neighbouring countries.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Tick-Borne Co-Infection in Lyme Disease: Clinical Impact, Diagnostic Challenges, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Spiroplasma ixodetis in Ticks Removed from Humans, Sweden and Åland Islands, Finland.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Exploring stakeholder perceptions and priorities related to reducing tick-related public health risks in natural environments of the United Kingdom.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Multicenter Retrospective Study of Spiroplasma ixodetis Infantile Cataract in 8 Countries in Europe.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effects of Live and Peptide-Based Antimicrobiota Vaccines onPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- The prevalence of pathogens in ticks collected from humans in Belgium, 2021, versus 2017.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal variation of five different pathogens and symbionts inCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Babesiosis: Analysis of the Evidence for Infections in the United Kingdom.International journal of general medicine · 2024Review
- Borrelia bavariensis in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks, United Kingdom.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Prevalence, seasonal dynamics and associated variables of ixodid tick cattle infestation in Gondar, northwestern Ethiopia.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2023Article
- Presence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Spiroplasma ixodetis Infections in Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Patients after Tick Exposure, Sweden.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Assembly and Comparison ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- A single tick screening for infectious pathogens using targeted mass spectrometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases emerge from increased interactions between humans, other animals, and infected ticks. The risk of acquiring a tick-borne infection varies across space and time, so knowledge of the occurrence and prevalence of pathogens in ticks can facilitate disease diagnosis in a specific area and the implementation of mitigation measures and awareness campaigns. Here we identify the occurrence and prevalence of several pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland, a region of high tourism and tick exposure, yet data-poor in terms of tick-borne pathogens.
methodsQuesting I. ricinus nymphs (n = 2828) were collected from 26 sites in 2018 and 2019 and tested for the presence of tick-borne pathogens using PCR-based methods. Prevalence was compared with other regions of Scotland, England, Wales, and the Netherlands.
resultsAnaplasma phagocytophilum (4.7% prevalence), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) (2.2%), Babesia from clade X (0.2%), Rickettsia helvetica (0.04%), and Spiroplasma ixodetis (0.4%) were detected, but no Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Borrelia miyamotoi, or Babesia microti. Typing of A. phagocytophilum using a fragment of the GroEL gene identified the presence of both ecotype I and ecotype II. Genospecies identification of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. revealed B. afzelii (53% of infected nymphs), B. garinii (9%), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (7%), and B. valaisiana (31%). We found similar prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in Wester Ross as in the Netherlands, but higher than in other parts of Great Britain. We found lower B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence than in England or the Netherlands, and similar to some other Scottish studies. We found higher prevalence of B. valaisiana and lower prevalence of B. garinii than in other Scottish studies. We found S. ixodetis at much lower prevalence than in the Netherlands, and R. helvetica at much lower prevalence than in England and the Netherlands.
conclusionsAs far as we know, this is the first description of S. ixodetis in Great Britain. The results are relevant for disease surveillance and management for public and veterinary health. The findings can also aid in designing targeted public health campaigns and in raising awareness among outdoor recreationists and professionals.
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