ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2021
The CXCL13/CXCR5-chemokine axis in neuroinflammation: evidence of CXCR5+CD4 T cell recruitment to CSF.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond T cell toxicity - Intrathecal chemokine CXCL13 indicating B cell involvement in immune-related adverse events following checkpoint inhibition: A two-case series and literature review.European journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
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- Cation homeostasis-related prognostic genes uncovered by transcriptomic analysis in breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Unmasking HAM/TSP: understanding HTLV-1-driven neurological disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Guidelines on optimizing DNA methylation reference panels for cell-type deconvolution.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune responses in the chicken brain during acute fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Identification of T cell stress response state (TScientific reports · 2025Article
- The involvement of microglia and the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis in the recruitment of CD8Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epigenetic Changes Associated with the Progression of Prion Disease in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).Research square · 2025Article
- Encephalitis: Predictive Role of Clinical and Diagnostic Data on Outcome-A Monocentric Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The regulatory functions of G protein-coupled receptors signaling pathways in B cell differentiation and development contributing to autoimmune diseases.Cell & bioscience · 2025Review
- Novel Blood-Biomarkers to Detect Retinal Neurodegeneration and Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- CSF biomarkers of B-cell activation in multiple sclerosis: a clinical perspective.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- The utility of CXCL13 and circulating CXCR5Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- IL-7Rα on CD4Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- The Interplay between Ferroptosis and Neuroinflammation in Central Neurological Disorders.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Single-Cell Profiling Indicates a Proinflammatory Role of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- CXCL13 in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Clinical Value in a Large Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Meningeal inflammation as a driver of cortical grey matter pathology and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid CXCL13 as Candidate Biomarker of Intrathecal Immune Activation, IgG Synthesis and Neurocognitive Impairment in People with HIV.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundC-X-C chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is frequently elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a variety of inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, has been detected in meningeal B cell aggregates in brain tissues of multiple sclerosis patients, and proposedly recruits B cells into the inflamed CNS. Besides B cells also follicular helper T (Tfh) cells express the cognate receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) and follow CXCL13 gradients in lymphoid tissues. These highly specialized B cell helper T cells are indispensable for B cell responses to infection and vaccination and involved in autoimmune diseases. Phenotypically and functionally related circulating CXCR5+CD4 T cells occur in blood. Their co-recruitment to the inflamed CSF is feasible but unresolved.
methodsWe approached this question with a retrospective study including data of all patients between 2017 and 2019 of whom immune phenotyping data of CXCR5 expression and CSF CXCL13 concentrations were available. Discharge diagnoses and CSF laboratory parameters were retrieved from records. Patients were categorized as pyogenic/aseptic meningoencephalitis (ME, n = 29), neuroimmunological diseases (NIMM, n = 22), and non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND, n = 6). ANOVA models and Spearman's Rank-Order correlation were used for group comparisons and associations of CXCL13 levels with immune phenotyping data.
resultsIn fact, intrathecal CXCL13 elevations strongly correlated with CXCR5+CD4 T cell frequencies in the total cohort (p < 0.0001, r = 0.59), and ME (p = 0.003, r = 0.54) and NIMM (p = 0.043, r = 0.44) patients. Moreover, the ratio of CSF-to-peripheral blood (CSF/PB) frequencies of CXCR5+CD4 T cells strongly correlated with CXCL13 levels both in the total cohort (p = 0.001, r = 0.45) and ME subgroup (p = 0.005, r = 0.50), indicating selective accumulation. ME, NIMM and NIND groups differed with regard to CSF cell counts, albumin quotient, intrathecal IgG, CXCL13 elevations and CXCR5+CD4 T cells, which were higher in inflammatory subgroups.
conclusionThe observed link between intrathecal CXCL13 elevations and CXCR5+CD4 T cell frequencies does not prove but suggests recruitment of possible professional B cell helpers to the inflamed CSF. This highlights CSF CXCR5+CD4 T cells a key target and potential missing link to the poorly understood phenomenon of intrathecal B cell and antibody responses with relevance for infection control, chronic inflammation and CNS autoimmunity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.