ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Insulin Signal Transduction Perturbations in Insulin Resistance.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host insulin resistance caused byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Bioactivity, and Network Pharmacology ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Paternal folate deficiency induces hepatic insulin resistance in offspring mice.Nutrition & diabetes · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Classification of Insulin Resistance (MCIR) Focused on Therapeutic Targets and Interventions-A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Research hotspots and trends in insulin resistance and hypothyroidism: A bibliometric analysis.Medicine · 2026Review
- Insulin Growth Factor 1 affects glutamate receptor activity differently in primary cultures of neocortical versus hippocampal neurons.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Isoquercitrin Improves Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting PTP1B-Regulated IRS/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting Insulin Resistance Through Nutrition: Pathophysiological Insights and Dietary Interventions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Beneficial Effects of Gegen Qinlian Decoction and Its Food-Medicine Homologous Alternative Formulas Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Multi-Omics Analysis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Insulin resistance as a modifiable contributor to breast cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic implications.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Precision Microbiome Modulation: Exploring Lactobacillus spp. as A Targeted Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes Management.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Hydroalcoholic Extracts ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impaired Brain Incretin and Gut Hormone Expression in Human Alcohol-Related Brain Damage: Opportunities for Therapeutic Targeting.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Dietary bioactive compounds targeting insulin resistance: mechanisms and preventive potential.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Complexity of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- A case report of young-onset type 2 diabetes patient with severe metabolic dysregulation carrying anFrontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Article
- Is Insulin Resistance the Driver or the Outcome of Diabetes Mellitus? A Critical Review.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Review
- The immunoregulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widespread medical condition, characterized by high blood glucose and inadequate insulin action, which leads to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in insulin-responsive tissues precedes the onset of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Multiple molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a consequence of a complex combination of metabolic disorders, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, and inflammation. There is ample evidence linking different mechanistic approaches as the cause of insulin resistance, but no central mechanism is yet described as an underlying reason behind this condition. This review combines and interlinks the defects in the insulin signal transduction pathway of the insulin resistance state with special emphasis on the AGE-RAGE-NF-κB axis. Here, we describe important factors that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance to provide directionality for the events. The interplay of inflammation and oxidative stress that leads to β-cell decline through the IAPP-RAGE induced β-cell toxicity is also addressed. Overall, by generating a comprehensive overview of the plethora of mechanisms involved in insulin resistance, we focus on the establishment of unifying mechanisms to provide new insights for the future interventions of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.