ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Expressed Toll-like Receptors and Their Potential Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Murine models of neovascular AMD revisited: Mechanistic pathways, immune-metabolic crosstalk, and the impact of aging and sex.Experimental eye research · 2026Review
- Marine-Derived Fucoidan Modulates Pathways Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Cellular and Zebrafish Models.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- The gut-retina axis in age-related macular degeneration: immune crosstalk and metabolite production.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptor 9 in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Expression, function and the role of TGF-β1.Molecular vision · 2026Article
- Evaluation of risk promoting effects for age-related macular degeneration by estradiol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Tacrolimus modulates the PI3K AKT mTOR pathway in retinal epithelial cells under inflammatory stress.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tacrolimus Modulates TGF-β Signaling-Related Genes and MicroRNAs in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Activated by Lipopolysaccharide.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Influence of a Very High-Molecular Weight Fucoidan fromMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Article
- Cellular Senescence: An Emerging Player in the Pathogenesis of AMD.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Systemic inflammatory response index as a novel biomarker for age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional study from NHANES (2005-2008).Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Gallic Acid-Encapsulated PAMAM Dendrimers as an Antioxidant Delivery System for Controlled Release and Reduced Cytotoxicity against ARPE-19 Cells.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2024Article
- TLR2 and TLR4 Are Expressed in Epiretinal Membranes: Possible Links with Vitreous Levels of Complement Fragments and DAMP-Related Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Effects of Fucoidans on Activated Retinal Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The mouse retinal pigment epithelium mounts an innate immune defense response following retinal detachment.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Co-cultivation of primary porcine RPE cells and neuroretina induces inflammation: a potential inflammatory AMD-model.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- TLR3 Gene Polymorphism in HCV Infection in the Kazakh Population of Western Kazakhstan.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Article
- Suppressing Inflammation for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Dazdotuftide as a Potential New Multitarget Therapeutic Candidate.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Comparison of Fucoidans fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Anti-inflammatory properties of antiangiogenic fucoidan in retinal pigment epithelium cells.Heliyon · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Inflammation is a major pathomechanism in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may contribute to retinal inflammation via activation of its Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR are pattern recognition receptors that detect the pathogen- or danger-associated molecular pattern. The involvement of TLR activation in AMD is so far not understood. (2) Methods: We performed a systematic literature research, consulting the National Library of Medicine (PubMed). (3) Results: We identified 106 studies, of which 54 were included in this review. Based on these studies, the current status of TLR in AMD, the effects of TLR in RPE activation and of the interaction of TLR activated RPE with monocytic cells are given, and the potential of TLR activation in RPE as part of the AMD development is discussed. (4) Conclusion: The activation of TLR2, -3, and -4 induces a profound pro-inflammatory response in the RPE that may contribute to (long-term) inflammation by induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing RPE function and causing RPE cell degeneration, thereby potentially constantly providing new TLR ligands, which could perpetuate and, in the long run, exacerbate the inflammatory response, which may contribute to AMD development. Furthermore, the combined activation of RPE and microglia may exacerbate neurotoxic effects.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.