ArticleNutrients2021
Water Quality and Mortality from Coronary Artery Disease in Sardinia: A Geospatial Analysis.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Domestic water hardness, genetic susceptibility, and risk of symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm: a cohort study of UK biobank.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Relationship Between Water Hardness and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases in Mashhad, Iran During 2018-2020: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The relationship between geochemical background values of MgO and SiO₂ and regional population longevity: evidence from Yunnan, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Associations of domestic hard water metrics with the risk of gout incidence and recurrence.PloS one · 2025Article
- Feasibility of increasing calcium content of drinking tap water following quality regulations to improve calcium intake at population level.Gates open research · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Relationship between Regional Distribution of Centenarians and Drinking Water Hardness in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.Nutrients · 2023Article
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- Association between serum calcium level and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Surface water quality analysis using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of Fars Province rivers, Iran.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of water hardness on human health is still debated, ranging from beneficial to harmful. Before the rise of drinking bottled water, it was a common habit to obtain supplies of drinking water directly from spring-fed public fountains. According to the geographic location, spring waters are characterized by a variable content of mineral components. In this ecological study, for the first time in Sardinia, Italy, the spatial association between spring water quality/composition and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the decade from 1981 to 1991 was investigated using data retrieved from published databases. In a total of 377 municipalities, 9918 deaths due to CAD, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ICD-9 code 410, and ischemic heart disease (IHD), ICD-9 code 411-414, were retrieved. A conditional autoregressive model with spatially structured random effects for each municipality was used. The average SMR for CAD in municipalities with a predominantly "soft" (<30 mg/L) or "hard" (≥30 mg/L) water was, respectively, 121.4 ± 59.1 vs. 104.7 ± 38.2 (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.