ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
The Role of Permission, Supervision, and Precipitating Events in Childhood Pool/Spa Submersion Incidents, United States, 2000-2017.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lessons learned in a data linkage project on fatal drowning.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Measuring the Swimming Skills of Adults Attending Swimming Lessons in Australia as a Drowning Prevention Measure.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Article
- A descriptive study of fatal drownings among children and adolescents in the United States, with a focus on retention pond deaths, 2004-2020.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Drowning and Nonfatal Drowning in Children and Adolescents: A Subsequent Retrospective Data Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drowning is a leading cause of fatality among children in the United States, and pool/spa aquatic structures represent common locations of submersion incidents. This study employed narrative case review to understand characteristics related to permission, supervision, and precipitating events in childhood submersion incidents. Retroactive analysis of 1537 fatal and non-fatal submersion incidents among children age 13 years old and younger was conducted using the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission In-Depth Investigations dataset from 2000-2017. Narrative descriptions were coded according to the themes of permission, supervision, and precipitating events. In most (86%) incidents, the child did not have permitted water access, and 80% of narratives indicated the child was alone at time of incident. These attributes were significantly associated with a fatal outcome (No permission: OR 11.98, 95% CI 7.97-18.06; Alone: OR 34.93, 95% CI 19.69-61.96). The average length of inactive supervision time was 15.6 min; this duration significantly differed by non-fatal (3.2 min) and fatal (16.1 min) outcomes (
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