Observational studyInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Observational Study of the Association between Air Cadmium Exposure and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness at Diagnosis among a Nationwide Retrospective Cohort of 230,540 Patients in the United States.
Observational study in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Heavy metal carcinogenicity: a scoping review of observational & experimental evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- The Association Between Cadmium Exposure and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and cancer: new perspectives on an old relationship.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of cadmium and lead as biomarkers of prostate cancer severity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Interaction between NF-κB and PLAC8 impairs autophagy providing a survival advantage to prostate cells transformed by cadmium.Science advances · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd)-Induced Malignancy.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
- Investigating the Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- The dynamic face of cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, emerging trends, and future directions.Current research in toxicology · 2024Review
- Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda.Journal of xenobiotics · 2023Article
- Review
- The Protective Role of Ozone Therapy in Kidney Disease: A Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The profile of Black South African men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Free State, South Africa.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2023Article
- Zinc in Prostate Health and Disease: A Mini Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Ambient exposures to selected volatile organic compounds and the risk of prostate cancer in Montreal.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- Gene-environment interaction analysis of redox-related metals and genetic variants with plasma metabolic patterns in a general population from Spain: The Hortega Study.Redox biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although studies have investigated cadmium and prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality, the role of cadmium in PC progression might be more clinically relevant. In this observational study, we assessed the association between air cadmium exposure and PC aggressiveness, with PC stage defined as metastatic or localized and Gleason grade defined as high (Gleason score ≥ 8) or low (Gleason score ≤ 6) among PC patients from the 2010-2014 US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The 2005 and 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment provided county-level air cadmium concentrations. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and were calculated using random intercept mixed effects logistic regression, comparing the 80th to 20th percentile of exposure. We adjusted for age, sociodemographic status, smoking prevalence, and overall air quality at the county level, and stratified by race, age, and degree of urbanization. The cohort consisted of 230,540 cases from 493 counties. Strong associations were observed in nonmetropolitan, urban areas: (OR 1.26, CI 1.14-1.39) for metastatic vs. localized and (OR 1.41, CI 1.27-1.57) for high- vs. low-grade PC where 40 million Americans reside. This study may be hypothesis-generating to inform future studies and public health measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.