ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Spatial Disparities of COVID-19 Cases and Fatalities in United States Counties.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- Global variations in the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcomes in pregnant women by geographical region and country's income status: a meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- What Makes Urban Communities More Resilient to COVID-19? A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Methods Used in the Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Increasing COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination Uptake in the Take Care Texas Community-Based Randomized Trial: Adaptive Geospatial Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Midwest Racial and Mental Health Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Why People Share (Or Don't): Race/Ethnicity and Contextual Correlates of Willingness to Disclose Contact Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural North Carolina.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Neighborhood-level deprivation measures in the United States: a scoping review and reference guide for investigators.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Mapping the COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso: spatial patterns, socioeconomic factors, and public health implications.International journal of health geographics · 2026Article
- The impact of COVID-19 social disruptions on general-, mental- and substance use healthcare services among people with and without HIV in the United States.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Risk of New Chronic Conditions: Insights from a Longitudinal Population-Based Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Rhode Island's Early Geographic COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization Policy.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Resilience and Hassles Trajectories Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Nutritional quality of food purchases during the COVID-19 public health crisis: An analysis of geographic disparities in North Carolina.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Engaging Communities in Emerging Infectious Disease Mitigation to Improve Public Health and Safety.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A Bayesian spatio-temporal model of COVID-19 spread in England.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Educational Intervention to Increase COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Rural Patients with Chronic Diseases: Lessons Learned from An Innovative Academic-Community Partnership.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Spatial, temporal, and demographic nonstationary dynamics of COVID-19 exposure among older adults in the U.S.PloS one · 2024Article
- Risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in Jamaica: a cross-sectional study of national surveillance data.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Using wastewater to overcome health disparities among rural residents.Geoforum; journal of physical, human, and regional geosciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This paper examines the spatial and temporal trends in county-level COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States during the first year of the pandemic (January 2020-January 2021). Statistical and geospatial analyses highlight greater impacts in the Great Plains, Southwestern and Southern regions based on cases and fatalities per 100,000 population. Significant case and fatality spatial clusters were most prevalent between November 2020 and January 2021. Distinct urban-rural differences in COVID-19 experiences uncovered higher rural cases and fatalities per 100,000 population and fewer government mitigation actions enacted in rural counties. High levels of social vulnerability and the absence of mitigation policies were significantly associated with higher fatalities, while existing community resilience had more influential spatial explanatory power. Using differences in percentage unemployment changes between 2019 and 2020 as a proxy for pre-emergent recovery revealed urban counties were hit harder in the early months of the pandemic, corresponding with imposed government mitigation policies. This longitudinal, place-based study confirms some early urban-rural patterns initially observed in the pandemic, as well as the disparate COVID-19 experiences among socially vulnerable populations. The results are critical in identifying geographic disparities in COVID-19 exposures and outcomes and providing the evidentiary basis for targeting pandemic recovery.
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Registered trials
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