ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2021
The Simple Biology of Flipons and Condensates Enhances the Evolution of Complexity.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Alexidine, identified as a Z-DNA inducer by the NanoZ screening platform, acts as a transcriptional regulator.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- The Chromaverse Is Colored by Triplexes Formed Through the Interactions of Noncoding RNAs with HNPRNPU, TP53, AGO, REL Proteins, Intrinsically-Disordered Regions, and Flipons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Complete Chloroplast Genome and the Phylogenetic Analysis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Triplexes Color the Chromaverse by Modulating Nucleosome Phasing and Anchoring Chromatin Condensates.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Flipons and small RNAs accentuate the asymmetries of pervasive transcription by the reset and sequence-specific microcoding of promoter conformation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2023Review
- Profound Non-Randomness in Dinucleotide Arrangements within Ultra-Conserved Non-Coding Elements and the Human Genome.Biology · 2023Article
- Z-flipon variants reveal the many roles of Z-DNA and Z-RNA in health and disease.Life science alliance · 2023Article
- Extensive Bioinformatics Analyses Reveal a Phylogenetically Conserved Winged Helix (WH) Domain (Zτ) of Topoisomerase IIα, Elucidating Its Very High Affinity for Left-Handed Z-DNA and Suggesting Novel Putative Functions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Conserved microRNAs and Flipons Shape Gene Expression during Development by Altering Promoter Conformations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A fish herpesvirus highlights functional diversities among Zα domains related to phase separation induction and A-to-Z conversion.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Z-DNA and Z-RNA: Methods-Past and Future.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Mono a Mano: ZBP1's Love-Hate Relationship with the Kissing Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The classical genetic code maps nucleotide triplets to amino acids. The associated sequence composition is complex, representing many elaborations during evolution of form and function. Other genomic elements code for the expression and processing of RNA transcripts. However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. Among these are simple sequence repeats (SSRs), representing a class of flipons, that under physiological conditions, form alternative nucleic acid conformations such as Z-DNA, G4 quartets, I-motifs, and triplexes. Proteins that bind in a structure-specific manner enable the seeding of condensates with the potential to regulate a wide range of biological processes. SSRs also encode the low complexity peptide repeats to patch condensates together, increasing the number of combinations possible. In situations where SSRs are transcribed, SSR-specific, single-stranded binding proteins may further impact condensate formation. Jointly, flipons and patches speed evolution by enhancing the functionality of condensates. Here, the focus is on the selection of SSR flipons and peptide patches that solve for survival under a wide range of environmental contexts, generating complexity with simple parts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.