ReviewJournal of personalized medicine2021
The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect: The Significance of the Concept and Methods to Enhance Its Application.
Review in Journal of personalized medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 419 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
419 citing papers in PubMed, 872 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and Pharmacokinetics of SRN001, a Novel siRNA Drug Targeting Amphiregulin via the SAMiRNA Platform.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Synthetic biology of oncolytic bacteria: Comparative microbial chassis and precise killing strategies.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- Quality by design-based development of ibrutinib polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced lymphatic absorption and anticancer efficacy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and therapeutic design of stimuli-responsive vesicular nanocarriers for melanoma.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Nanocarrier-Enabled Delivery of Glucosinolates for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy.The AAPS journal · 2026Review
- From Cell-Derived Vesicles to Hybrid Nanovectors: Biological Membranes as Functional Blueprints for Gene Delivery.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Focused Ultrasound is Poised to Take Non-Viral Gene Therapies to the Blood-Brain Barrier - and Beyond.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Manganese Ion-Based NanoPlatforms for Tumor Theranostics.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Enhancing the Efficacy of Paclitaxel with Nano-Activators: A Novel Approach to Mitigating the Chemotherapies Side-Effects.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Potential of Nanoparticle-Based Phototherapies for Future Treatment of Uveal Melanoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- FeiScience · 2026Article
- Sonoselective Transfection of Glioma Endothelium.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Doxorubicin-Incorporated Nanoparticles Composed of Ce6-Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid-International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Polymer-Metal Nanoparticle Hybrid Systems for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy: Advances and Clinical Translation.Cureus · 2026Review
- Review
- Genomic Deletion of P-Glycoprotein from Gliomas Via the Focused Ultrasound-Delivery of a Duplex CRISPR Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein System.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Application of metal-based nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery to breast cancer stem cells.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Tumor Homing Nanoparticle Immunotherapy for Acute Clearance and Mitigation of T-cell Exhaustion in Humanized High-Risk Neuroblastoma.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2026Article
- Phase-change perfluorocarbon nanodroplets enable spatiotemporal control of ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging and therapy.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Review
- Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Shows Size-dependent Focused Ultrasound-mediated Therapeutic Delivery to Naive Brain and Gliomas in Mice.Radiology · 2026Article
359 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chemotherapy for human solid tumors in clinical practice is far from satisfactory. Despite the discovery and synthesis of hundreds of thousands of anticancer compounds targeting various crucial units in cancer cell proliferation and metabolism, the fundamental problem is the lack of targeting delivery of these compounds selectively into solid tumor tissue to maintain an effective concentration level for a certain length of time for drug-tumor interaction to execute anticancer activities. The enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect) describes a universal pathophysiological phenomenon and mechanism in which macromolecular compounds such as albumin and other polymer-conjugated drugs beyond certain sizes (above 40 kDa) can progressively accumulate in the tumor vascularized area and thus achieve targeting delivery and retention of anticancer compounds into solid tumor tissue. Targeting therapy via the EPR effect in clinical practice is not always successful since the strength of the EPR effect varies depending on the type and location of tumors, status of blood perfusion in tumors, and the physical-chemical properties of macromolecular anticancer agents. This review highlights the significance of the concept and mechanism of the EPR effect and discusses methods for better utilizing the EPR effect in developing smarter macromolecular nanomedicine to achieve a satisfactory outcome in clinical applications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.