ReviewJournal of personalized medicine2021
Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention.
Review in Journal of personalized medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unmetabolized Folic Acid: Biology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Consequences: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal Folinic Acid in FRAA-Positive Pregnancies: Preschool Neurodevelopmental Outcomes from a Pilot RCT Follow-Up.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of oral folinic acid supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Review
- Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies in Early Pregnancy: First-Trimester Reference Intervals and Proposed Clinical Thresholds.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Folate Receptor Alpha (FRα) and the Developing Brain: From Molecular Function to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Cerebral folate deficiency, developmental difficulties in autism spectrum disorder and the role of leucovorin: a narrative review of mechanisms and clinical evidence.Drugs in context · 2026Review
- Folate in autism neurodevelopment.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Maternal Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies and Increased Fetal Nuchal Translucency as Potential Early Markers of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Neuroprotective role of pyrroloquinoline quinone in folate deficiency-induced blood-brain barrier disruption.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Review
- Female Infertility and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: associations and evidence for familial confounding in Denmark.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Regulation of folate transport at the mouse arachnoid barrier.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Membrane Proteins: A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Recent Advances in Folates and Autoantibodies against Folate Receptors in Early Pregnancy and Miscarriage.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Candidate biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: state of the field.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Trends in Autism Spectrum-Related Motherhood Research: A Bibliometric Study.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Folate deficiency and folate receptor autoimmune disorder are major contributors to infertility, pregnancy related complications and abnormal fetal development including structural and functional abnormalities of the brain. Food fortification and prenatal folic acid supplementation has reduced the incidence of neural tube defect (NTD) pregnancies but is unlikely to prevent pregnancy-related complications in the presence of folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAb). In pregnancy, these autoantibodies can block folate transport to the fetus and in young children, folate transport to the brain. These antibodies are prevalent in neural tube defect pregnancies and in developmental disorders such as cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the latter conditions, folinic acid treatment has shown clinical improvement in some of the core ASD deficits. Early testing for folate receptor autoantibodies and intervention is likely to result in a positive outcome. This review discusses the first identification of FRAb in women with a history of neural tube defect pregnancy and FRAb's association with sub-fertility and preterm birth. Autoantibodies against folate receptor alpha (FRα) are present in about 70% of the children with a diagnosis of ASD, and a significant number of these children respond to oral folinic acid with overall improvements in speech, language and social interaction. The diagnosis of folate receptor autoimmune disorder by measuring autoantibodies against FRα in the serum provides a marker with the potential for treatment and perhaps preventing the pathologic consequences of folate receptor autoimmune disorder.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.