Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34441934›Full record

ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021

Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome.

Laia Montoliu-Gaya, Andre Strydom, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg, Nicholas James Ashton

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
5.5field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Precision medicine for Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Plasma p-tau217 and p-tau217/AβScientific reports · 2025
    Article
  6. Observational
  7. Targeting dysregulated CB1 receptors in a Down syndrome mouse model improves neurological outcomes.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Longitudinal investigation of gait and Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
  14. Calcineurin inhibition may prevent Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Review
  15. Review
  16. Blood biomarkers in Down syndrome: Facilitating Alzheimer's disease detection and monitoring.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Adapting prescribing criteria for amyloid-targeted antibodies for adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Laia Montoliu-GayaDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0001-7684-6318
Andre StrydomDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
Kaj BlennowDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden.
Henrik ZetterbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden.
Nicholas James AshtonDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-3579-8804
King's College London · GBSahlgrenska University Hospital · SEUniversity of Gothenburg · SE

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/R024901/1Medical Research Council MR/S005145/1Medical Research Council MR/S011277/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Epidemiological evidence suggests that by the age of 40 years, all individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Clinical diagnosis of dementia by cognitive assessment is complex in these patients due to the pre-existing and varying intellectual disability, which may mask subtle declines in cognitive functioning. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers, although accurate, are expensive, invasive, and particularly challenging in such a vulnerable population. The advances in ultra-sensitive detection methods have highlighted blood biomarkers as a valuable and realistic tool for AD diagnosis. Studies with DS patients have proven the potential blood-based biomarkers for sporadic AD (amyloid-β, tau, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light chain) to be useful in this population. In addition, biomarkers related to other pathologies that could aggravate dementia progression-such as inflammatory dysregulation, energetic imbalance, or oxidative stress-have been explored. This review serves to provide a brief overview of the main findings from the limited neuroimaging and CSF studies, outline the current state of blood biomarkers to diagnose AD in patients with DS, discuss possible past limitations of the research, and suggest considerations for developing and validating blood-based biomarkers in the future.

Indexed as

Alzheimer’s diseasebiomarkersbloodcerebrospinal fluidDown syndromepositron emission tomography

Identifiers

PMID34441934
PMCPMC8397053
OpenAlexW3194930781

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.