ReviewCells2021
Metformin and Glaucoma-Review of Anti-Fibrotic Processes and Bioenergetics.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond intraocular pressure: vascular and metabolic modifiers of optic nerve vulnerability in glaucoma.International ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Glaucoma Risk with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- SS31 protects damaged retinal cells through the AMPK/DRP1 signaling pathway.Molecular vision · 2026Article
- Association of metformin use with primary open-angle glaucoma using data from the National Institutes of HealthBMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Metformin inhibits subretinal fibrosis by activating Klotho by miR-126-5p.Cytotechnology · 2025Article
- Evaluating the impact of caloric restriction, body mass index and exercise on primary open-angle glaucoma: A review.European journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Glaucoma.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Genome-wide RNA sequencing of ocular fibroblasts from glaucomatous and normal eyes: Implications for glaucoma management.PloS one · 2024Article
- Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases: A Balancing Act.Metabolites · 2023Review
- Type 2 Diabetes, Fasting Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c Levels and Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Metformin and retinal diseases in preclinical and clinical studies: Insights and review of literature.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Metformin Alleviates Fibrosis of Trabecular Meshwork Cells Induced by TGFβ2 Through the Activation of Autophagy.Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. With an aging population, disease incidence will rise with an enormous societal and economic burden. The treatment strategy revolves around targeting intraocular pressure, the principle modifiable risk factor, to slow progression of disease. However, there is a clear unmet clinical need to find a novel therapeutic approach that targets and halts the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration that occurs with fibrosis. RGCs are highly sensitive to metabolic fluctuations as a result of multiple stressors and thus their viability depends on healthy mitochondrial functioning. Metformin, known for its use in type 2 diabetes, has come to the forefront of medical research in multiple organ systems. Its use was recently associated with a 25% reduced risk of glaucoma in a large population study. Here, we discuss its application to glaucoma therapy, highlighting its effect on fibrotic signalling pathways, mitochondrial bioenergetics and NAD oxidation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.