ReviewCells2021
Implications of a 'Third Signal' in NK Cells.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rethinking the immune recognition of cell walls in human fungal pathogens: Mechanisms, controversies and translational significance.Virulence · 2026Review
- Dose-Dependent Alterations in Lung Immune Subpopulations in Influenza a Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- [Research progress of the ULBP-NKG2D axis in autoimmune diseases].Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond CRISPR: next-gen precision engineering of CAR-NK cells for enhanced persistence, trafficking, and tumor eradication.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- The role of JAK3 and TEC family kinases in vitiligo pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TIM-3 blockade enhances ex vivo stimulated allogeneic NK cell therapy for relapsed murine neuroblastoma after hematopoietic cell transplant.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Treg cells promote decidual vascular remodeling and modulate uterine NK cells in pregnant mice.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Lymph Node-on-Chip Technology: Cutting-Edge Advances in Immune Microenvironment Simulation.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- WTAP enhances the instability of SYTL1 mRNA caused by YTHDF2 in bladder cancer.Histology and histopathology · 2024Article
- Breakthrough of solid tumor treatment: CAR-NK immunotherapy.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 Corrects NK Cell Phenotype and Functional Activity in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems are evolutionarily divergent. Primary signaling in T and B cells depends on somatically rearranged clonotypic receptors. In contrast, NK cells use germline-encoded non-clonotypic receptors such as NCRs, NKG2D, and Ly49H. Proliferation and effector functions of T and B cells are dictated by unique peptide epitopes presented on MHC or soluble humoral antigens. However, in NK cells, the primary signals are mediated by self or viral proteins. Secondary signaling mediated by various cytokines is involved in metabolic reprogramming, proliferation, terminal maturation, or memory formation in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. The family of common gamma (γc) cytokine receptors, including IL-2Rα/β/γ, IL-7Rα/γ, IL-15Rα/β/γ, and IL-21Rα/γ are the prime examples of these secondary signals. A distinct set of cytokine receptors mediate a 'third' set of signaling. These include IL-12Rβ1/β2, IL-18Rα/β, IL-23R, IL-27R (WSX-1/gp130), IL-35R (IL-12Rβ2/gp130), and IL-39R (IL-23Rα/gp130) that can prime, activate, and mediate effector functions in lymphocytes. The existence of the 'third' signal is known in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. However, the necessity, context, and functional relevance of this 'third signal' in NK cells are elusive. Here, we define the current paradigm of the 'third' signal in NK cells and enumerate its clinical implications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.