ArticleCells2021
Activation of Neuroprotective Microglia and Astrocytes at the Lesion Site and in the Adjacent Segments Is Crucial for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury.
Article in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal disarray of inflammatory microenvironment following spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Treatment with Neuronal-Induced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Functional Recovery of Acute Spinal Cord Injury through Attenuating Astrogliosis and Neurotoxic Astrocyte Activation.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Pathological Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Gastrodin in Spinal Cord Injury: Microglial Phenotype Switching and Neuronal Survival via PI3K/AKT Activation.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Anti-Inflammatory and Synaptic Protective Effects of TNF-α Inactivation in the MDX Mouse Model.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Regional Molecular Diversity in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Sustained Transcriptional Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Interleukin-4 in an Immortalized Mouse Microglial Cell Line.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Pharmacological Inhibition of EZH2 by GSK-343 Attenuates Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of neuroscience research · 2026Article
- Screening macrophage polarization genes in spinal cord injury as therapeutic targets.PloS one · 2026Article
- Exercise-induced modulation of astrocyte in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Pharmacological Microglial Inhibition Remodels the Scar Microenvironment to Support Reticulospinal Circuit Reconstruction After Spinal Cord Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Identification of a reactive astrocyte subpopulation during HIV-associated pain pathogenesis in mouse models.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Mogroside V Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting M1 Microglia Polarization.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- IntravenousJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Nasal Delivery of Engineered Exosomes via a Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogel Depot Reprograms Glial Cells for Spinal Cord Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote A2 Phenotype Polarization in Astrocytes via TGF-β-Mediated PI3K/Akt Pathway Activation.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Development and in vitro evaluation of biomimetic injectable hydrogels from decellularized human nerves for central nervous system regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Luteolin ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by promoting the Arginase-1Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of immune responses under various pathological conditions. To detect environmental cues associated with the transformation of reactive microglia (M1) and astrocytes (A1) into their polarization states (anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes), we studied time-dependent gene expression in naive and injured spinal cord. The relationship between astrocytes and microglia and their polarization states were studied in a rat model after Th9 compression (40 g/15 min) in acute and subacute stages at the lesion site, and both cranially and caudally. The gene expression of microglia/macrophages and M1 microglia was strongly up-regulated at the lesion site and caudally one week after SCI, and attenuated after two weeks post-SCI. GFAP and S100B, and A1 astrocytes were profoundly expressed predominantly two weeks post-SCI at lesion site and cranially. Gene expression of anti-inflammatory M2a microglia (CD206, CHICHI, IL1rn, Arg-1), M2c microglia (TGF-β, SOCS3, IL4R α) and A2 astrocytes (Tgm1, Ptx3, CD109) was greatly activated at the lesion site one week post-SCI. In addition, we observed positive correlation between neurological outcome and expression of M2a, M2c, and A2 markers. Our findings indicate that the first week post-injury is critical for modulation of reactive microglia/astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.