ReviewCancers2021
Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: Progression to Malignancy and Clinical Implications. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in oral leukoplakia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Tissue-based genomic instability markers for predicting malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a systematic review.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia and Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia and Its Biomarker Predictors: A Systematic Umbrella Review.Head & neck · 2026Pooled it
- Malignant transformation of proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia-systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Gingival Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia and Cancer: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Oral diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pattern-Anchored Diagnosis of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: A Position Paper From COST Action INTERCEPTOR Working Group 2.Head and neck pathology · 2026Review
- From Chronic Inflammation to Malignancy: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights in Oral Carcinogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The progression of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can be detected through elevated levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinases.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia management requires x-ray surveillance. A retrospective study of 78 cases.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Barnaculate Carcinoma in Four Patients: Verrucoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Subtype with TERT and HRAS Oncogenic Variants.Head and neck pathology · 2026Article
- Heterogeneous mechanisms, risk stratification, and translational advances in the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Microbial dysbiosis and host-microbe interactions in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: insights into carcinogenic potential.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology-Enabled Blood Test for Oral Epithelial Disorders Management: A Proof-of-Concept Study.Oral diseases · 2025Article
- A Clinicopathological Study of Marginal Gingival Leukoplakia.Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology · 2025Article
- Article
- Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is associated with aggressive periodontal pathogens: a comparative study with oral lichen planus and chronic periodontitis cases.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Retinoic Acid Profiles in Proliferative Verrucous Versus Homogeneous Leukoplakia: A Preliminary Nested Case-Control Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- [Progress in clinicopathological diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders].Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology · 2025Review
- Common white lesions of the oral cavity: Review of clinical presentations and management.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2025Review
- Prognostic nomogram for proliferative verrucous leukoplakia.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThe aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the risk of malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). MATERIALS AND
methodsthe search was carried out using a combination of terms (leukoplakia OR leucoplakia) AND (multifocal OR proliferative) on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS Core Collection), Cochrane Library, selecting only articles published since 1985 and in the English language. Demographic, disease-related, and follow-up data extracted from the studies included in the qualitative synthesis were combined. Weighted means ± standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables, while categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Odd ratios for individual studies were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis, conducted using Review Manager 5.4 Software (Cochrane Community, Oxford, England).
resultstwenty-two articles were included, with a total of 699 PVL patients, undergoing a mean follow-up of 7.2 years. Sixty-six percent of patients were females, with a mean age of 70.2 years, and 33.3% were males, with a mean age of 59.6 years. Most patients were non-smokers and non-alcohol users, and the gingiva/alveolar ridge mucosa was the most involved anatomical site by both PVL appearance and malignant transformation. A total of 320 PVL patients developed oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) or conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because of malignant transformation of PVL lesions (45.8%). A statistically significant 3.8-fold higher risk of progression to conventional OSCC was found compared to OVC in PVL patients, with women being 1.7 times more likely to develop oral cancer than men, as a consequence of PVL progression. Moreover, a statistically significant higher likelihood of developing conventional OSCC in female PVL patients than in males was found. In 46.5% of patients with PVL malignant transformation, multiple carcinomas, in different oral sites, occurred during follow-up.
conclusionsPVL is an aggressive lesion, which, in a high percentage of cases (almost 50%), undergoes malignant transformation, mainly toward OSCC. The female gender is most affected, especially in the elderly, with a negative history for alcohol and tobacco consumption.
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