ArticleCancers2021
Early Alcohol Use Initiation, Obesity, Not Breastfeeding, and Residence in a Rural Area as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Associations of alcohol use with expression of stromal markers in benign breast biopsy samples.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Brain network features predating early alcohol initiation in adolescence.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Review
- Structural Covariance Network Properties Predictive of Early Adolescent Alcohol Initiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Association between breastfeeding, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk: a review.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Review
- Awareness about Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Examination among Undergraduate Female Students at the University of Agadir, Morocco: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Alcohol and breast cancer.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
- The role of breastfeeding in breast cancer prevention: a literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for breast cancer in the Polish population. In total, 201 Polish women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 201 one-to-one age-matched healthy controls participated in this case-control study. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive and menstrual history, medical history, lifestyle factors, and anthropometric measurements were collected by the interviewers. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using multivariate unconditional logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders. Significant relationships were observed between BMI, alcohol use initiation, breastfeeding, education, and place of residence. Obese women had a higher risk of breast cancer than women with a BMI < 30 (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.04). Early alcohol use initiation (≤15 years) was associated with an almost two-fold higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.06 to 3.69). Breastfeeding for less than 3 months (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.52 to 3.5), receiving a basic and vocational education (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.49 to 4.19), and living in a rural area (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.9) increased the risk of breast cancer. Prevention activities for breast cancer are already needed in adolescents and young women. A much greater emphasis should also be placed on breast cancer prevention campaigns in rural areas in Poland.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.