ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Antimicrobial Consumption among 66 Acute Care Hospitals in Catalonia: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic consumption: A systematic review comparing 2019 and 2020 data.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clostridioides difficile infections in seven Brazilian hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic: hand hygiene and antimicrobial consumption.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2026Article
- Trends in hospital antibacterial consumption: a retrospective analysis of reimbursement data, Belgium 2017 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Study of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Utilization and Quality of Antibiotic Use in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Low-Resource Settings.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Utilization and Resistance According to the WHO AWaRe Classification in Intensive Care Units After COVID-19 Third Wave in Pakistan: Findings and Implications.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Global prevalence of human intestinal carriage of ESBL-producingJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of antibiotics and the emergence of AMR: case study in a general hospital.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Use of multiple metrics and clustering analysis to assess antimicrobial use in Shanxi hospitals, China: a cross-sectional study based on 25 general hospitals.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Determining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of antibiotics in Shaanxi province, China: an interrupted time-series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Trends in Antimicrobial Consumption in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Costa Rica from 2017 to 2021: A Comparative Analysis of Defined Daily Doses per 100 Bed Days and per 100 Discharges.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inpatient Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Prescribing Volumes in Germany.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect antibiotic consumption within humanitarian emergencies? Results from five humanitarian contexts.Infection prevention in practice · 2024Article
- Consensus for antifungal stewardship in China (2024 edition).Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Review
- Comparison and Analysis of Antibiotic Consumption in Two Italian Hospital Settings in Relation to the Fight of Antimicrobial Resistance.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Hospital Antibiotic Consumption before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Impact of Antifungal Stewardship on Clinical and Performance Measures: A Global Systematic Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- Pharmacoepidemiological Analysis of Antibacterial Agents Used in a Provisional Hospital in Aktobe, Kazakhstan, in the Context of COVID-19: A Comparison with the Pre-Pandemic Period.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection: Current Clinical Management and Microbiome-Based Therapies.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
- Missed Opportunities for Antifungal Stewardship during the COVID-19 Era.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobials have been widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the antimicrobial consumption of 66 hospitals in Catalonia.
methodsAdult antibacterial and antimycotic consumption was calculated as defined daily doses (DDD)/100 bed-days and DDD/100 discharges. Firstly, overall and ICU consumption in 2019 and 2020 were compared. Secondly, observed ICU 2020 consumptions were compared with non-COVID-19 2020 estimated consumptions (based on the trend from 2008-2019).
resultsOverall, antibacterial consumption increased by 2.31% and 4.15% DDD/100 bed-days and DDD/100 discharges, respectively. Azithromycin (105.4% and 109.08% DDD/100 bed-days and DDD/100 discharges, respectively) and ceftriaxone (25.72% and 27.97% DDD/100 bed-days and DDD/100 discharges, respectively) mainly accounted for this finding. Likewise, antifungal consumption increased by 10.25% DDD/100 bed-days and 12.22% DDD/100 discharges, mainly due to echinocandins or amphotericin B. ICU antibacterial and antimycotic consumption decreased by 1.28% and 4.35% DDD/100 bed-days, respectively. On the contrary, antibacterial and antifungal use, expressed in DDD/100 discharges, increased by 23.42% and 19.58%. Azithromycin (275.09%), ceftriaxone (55.11%), cefepime (106.35%), vancomycin (29.81%), linezolid (31.28%), amphotericin B (87.98%), and voriconazole (96.17%) use changed the most. Observed consumption of amphotericin B, azithromycin, caspofungin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and voriconazole were higher than estimated values.
conclusionsThe consumption indicators for most antimicrobials deviated from the expected trend pattern. A worrisome increase in antibacterial and antifungal consumption was observed in ICUs in Catalonia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.