ReviewToxins2021
Microcystin Toxicokinetics, Molecular Toxicology, and Pathophysiology in Preclinical Rodent Models and Humans.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Review
- Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Review
- Beyond ICACS omega · 2026Article
- Antioxidant Therapy Reverses Hepatotoxicity Induced by Microcystin-LR in a Cellular Model of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Transporter-Mediated Uptake of Microcystin-LR in Human Trophoblasts: Regulation By Oxygen Concentration and Cell Fusion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Microcystis aeruginosa detected in freshwater lakes in Meghalaya, India show strong hepatotoxicity.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- "Algal-dromes": a novel conceptual approach to illness in humans exposed to harmful algal bloom toxins.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Female reproductive impacts of emerging cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom toxins.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Practical Algal Control in Lower Yangtze Reservoirs Using Composite Microfiltration Physical Enclosure.Membranes · 2025Article
- Selected rhizobacteria strains improved the tolerance of Vicia faba plants to microcystins contaminated irrigation water and reduced human health risk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Article
- Alterations in Lipid Metabolism and Hepatopancreatic Lipidomics Induced by Microcystin-LR Exposure in Common Carp (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Environmental risk factors for liver cancer.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Role of Microcystin-LR in Ferroptosis and Sepsis Pathogenesis: A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Microcystin-LR and its health impacts: Chemistry, transmission routes, mechanisms of toxicity and target organs.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Global Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Systems: Recent Advances, Human Health Risks, Mitigation, and Future Directions.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Health and Environmental Impacts of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins from Freshwater to Seawater.Toxins · 2025Review
- Simultaneous Multiclass Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacterial Samples Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Journal of separation science · 2025Article
- Virus Infection of a Freshwater Cyanobacterium Contributes Significantly to the Release of Toxins Through Cell Lysis.Microorganisms · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microcystins are ubiquitous toxins produced by photoautotrophic cyanobacteria. Human exposures to microcystins occur through the consumption of contaminated drinking water, fish and shellfish, vegetables, and algal dietary supplements and through recreational activities. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is the prototypical microcystin because it is reported to be the most common and toxic variant and is the only microcystin with an established tolerable daily intake of 0.04 µg/kg. Microcystin toxicokinetics is characterized by low intestinal absorption, rapid and specific distribution to the liver, moderate metabolism to glutathione and cysteinyl conjugates, and low urinary and fecal excretion. Molecular toxicology involves covalent binding to and inhibition of protein phosphatases, oxidative stress, cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and cytoskeleton disruption. These molecular and cellular effects are interconnected and are commonly observed together. The main target organs for microcystin toxicity are the intestine, liver, and kidney. Preclinical data indicate microcystins may also have nervous, pulmonary, cardiac, and reproductive system toxicities. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to other hepatotoxic insults could potentiate microcystin toxicity and increase the risk for chronic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge for microcystin toxicokinetics, molecular toxicology, and pathophysiology in preclinical rodent models and humans. More research is needed to better understand human toxicokinetics and how multifactorial exposures contribute to disease pathogenesis and progression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.