ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
A human apolipoprotein L with detergent-like activity kills intracellular pathogens.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- When folding CARDs wins the game: molecular snapshots of lipopolysaccharide sensing by the non-canonical inflammasome.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- RNF213-dependent lytic destruction ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Human XIRP1 is a new podosome protein targeting cytosolic bacteria as part of the IFN-γ defense program.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Enzymatic cleavage weaponizes bacterial lipoproteins into immune tripwires.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Predicting trajectories of illness using RNA velocity of whole blood.Nature communications · 2026Observational
- Apolipoproteins L involvement in immunity.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial peptides and proteins as rheostats of intestinal homeostasis and immunity.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- The human antibacterial factor APOL3 couples lysosomal damage to mitochondrial DNA efflux and type I IFN induction.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Dual NLRC4 and non-canonical inflammasome signaling drives human GSDMD-mediated killing ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multilayered interplay between the cGAS-STING pathway and autophagy.Autophagy reports · 2026Review
- Molecular mechanisms and regulation of inflammasome activation and signaling: sensing of pathogens and damage molecular patterns.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Dissecting antimicrobial logic: species-specific strategies for intracellular pathogen defense.mSphere · 2025Review
- Macrophages orchestrate elimination of Shigella from the intestinal epithelial cell niche via TLR-induced IL-12 and IFN-γ.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- DeFrND: detergent-free reconstitution into native nanodiscs with designer membrane scaffold peptides.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Endolysosomal damage surveillance enables rapid inflammasome sensing of pathogens.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Osteopontin attenuates the foreign-body response to silicone implants.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Article
- Proximity biotinylation at the host-bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Host AAA-ATPase VCP/p97 lyses ubiquitinated intracellular bacteria as an innate antimicrobial defence.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Cell-Autonomous Immunity: From Cytosolic Sensing to Self-Defense.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Activation of cell-autonomous defense by the immune cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is critical to the control of life-threatening infections in humans. IFN-γ induces the expression of hundreds of host proteins in all nucleated cells and tissues, yet many of these proteins remain uncharacterized. We screened 19,050 human genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and identified IFN-γ-induced apolipoprotein L3 (APOL3) as a potent bactericidal agent protecting multiple non-immune barrier cell types against infection. Canonical apolipoproteins typically solubilize mammalian lipids for extracellular transport; APOL3 instead targeted cytosol-invasive bacteria to dissolve their anionic membranes into human-bacterial lipoprotein nanodiscs detected by native mass spectrometry and visualized by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Thus, humans have harnessed the detergent-like properties of extracellular apolipoproteins to fashion an intracellular lysin, thereby endowing resident nonimmune cells with a mechanism to achieve sterilizing immunity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.