Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34434253›Full record

ArticleConservation letters

Measuring the intensity of conflicts in conservation.

Jeremy J Cusack, Tom Bradfer-Lawrence, Zachary Baynham-Herd, Sofia Castelló Y Tickell, Isla Duporge, Håvard Hegre, Lara Moreno Zárate, Vincent Naude, Sahil Nijhawan, John Wilson and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Conservation letters. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Renewed coexistence as a conceptual reframing of animal reintroductions to foster sustainable human-wildlife coexistence.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jeremy J CusackBiological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK.
Tom Bradfer-LawrenceBiological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK.
Zachary Baynham-HerdSchool of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK.
Sofia Castelló Y TickellInterdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science University of Oxford Oxford UK.
Isla DuporgeWildlife Conservation Research Unit University of Oxford Oxford UK.
Håvard HegrePeace and Conflict Research Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden.
Lara Moreno ZárateGrupo de Gestión de Recursos Cinegéticos y Fauna Silvestre Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) Ciudad Real Spain.
Vincent NaudeInstitute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa.
Sahil NijhawanDepartment of Anthropology University College London London UK.
John WilsonBiological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK.
Dario Gerardo Zambrano CortesForest and Nature Conservation Policy Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands.
Nils BunnefeldBiological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Conflicts between the interests of biodiversity conservation and other human activities pose a major threat to natural ecosystems and human well-being, yet few methods exist to quantify their intensity and model their dynamics. We develop a categorization of conflict intensity based on the curve of conflict, a model originally used to track the escalation and deescalation of armed conflicts. Our categorization assigns six intensity levels reflecting the discourse and actions of stakeholders involved in a given conflict, from coexistence or collaboration to physical violence. Using a range of case studies, we demonstrate the value of our approach in quantifying conflict trends, estimating transition probabilities between conflict stages, and modeling conflict intensity as a function of relevant covariates. By taking an evidence-based approach to quantifying stakeholder behavior, the proposed framework allows for a better understanding of the drivers of conservation conflict development across a diverse range of socioecological scenarios.

Indexed as

armed conflictcoexistencecurvedeescalationdiscourseescalationspatiotemporalstakeholder groupsstasistrend

Identifiers

PMID34434253
PMCPMC8365684

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.