ReviewCardiovascular research2021
Innate and adaptive immunity: the understudied driving force of heart valve disease.
Review in Cardiovascular research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated identification of key immune related genes and patterns of immune infiltration in calcified aortic valvular disease: A network based meta-analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Circadian regulation of cardiovascular function: from physiology to clinical implications.Genome medicine · 2026Review
- Immune Mechanisms of Heart Valve Development, Homeostasis, and Disease.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- The spleen-heart crosstalk in cardiovascular disease: integrating neural, immune, and secretory pathways.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Exploring CACNA1H as a potential candidate biomarker for calcific aortic valve disease.iScience · 2026Article
- Global burden of non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease in adults aged 60 years and older, with projections to 2041: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Association of hematopoietic loss of Y chromosome with valvular heart disease incidence and sex susceptibility.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Valve biology and rheumatic heart disease pathogenesis.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Review
- Single-nucleus and machine-learning integration identifies HLA-DRA and FTL as immune-metabolic axes and traditional Chinese medicine-targetable hubs in calcific aortic valve disease.Journal of computer-aided molecular design · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Reactions Within the Epicardial Adipose Tissue Are Associated with the Expression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Aortic Stenosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Bioprosthetic heart valve degeneration: new insights into structural remodeling and calcification.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Targeted proteomics reveals immune protein patterns in serum from patients with calcific aortic stenosis.iScience · 2025Article
- Radiation-Induced Valvular Heart Disease: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- The Mediating Role of Plasma Inflammatory Proteins in Gut Microbiota-Driven Valvular Heart Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Association Between the Expression of T Helper Type 17 Cell-Related Cytokines and Valve Damage in Rheumatic Heart Disease.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Article
- AI-based modality-agnostic classification system for vascular calcifications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Risk of Incident Degenerative Valvular Heart Disease: Evidence From a Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Inflammation via JAK-STAT/HIF-1α Drives Metabolic Changes in Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glycolysis That Support Aortic Valve Cell Calcification.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic Signatures of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis Severity in Human Tricuspid and Bicuspid Aortic Valves.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2025Article
- Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and its clinical manifestation that is calcific aortic valve stenosis, is the leading cause for valve disease within the developed world, with no current pharmacological treatment available to delay or halt its progression. Characterized by progressive fibrotic remodelling and subsequent pathogenic mineralization of the valve leaflets, valve disease affects 2.5% of the western population, thus highlighting the need for urgent intervention. Whilst the pathobiology of valve disease is complex, involving genetic factors, lipid infiltration, and oxidative damage, the immune system is now being accepted to play a crucial role in pathogenesis and disease continuation. No longer considered a passive degenerative disease, CAVD is understood to be an active inflammatory process, involving a multitude of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, with both the adaptive and the innate immune system underpinning these complex mechanisms. Within the valve, 15% of cells evolve from haemopoietic origin, and this number greatly expands following inflammation, as macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and innate immune cells infiltrate the valve, promoting further inflammation. Whether chronic immune infiltration or pathogenic clonal expansion of immune cells within the valve or a combination of the two is responsible for disease progression, it is clear that greater understanding of the immune systems role in valve disease is required to inform future treatment strategies for control of CAVD development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.