SynthesisMedicine and science in sports and exercise2022
Diurnal Variation in Maximum Endurance and Maximum Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Daily Rhythm-Aligned Training on Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Trial
- Effects of Sleepwear Incorporating a DPV576 Functional Polyester Fabric on Wearable ECG-Derived Sleep Consolidation: A Randomized Two-Period Crossover Study Under Free-Living Conditions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Time of Day and Chronotype-Dependent Synchrony Effects Exercise-Induced Reduction in Migraine Load: A Pilot Cross-Over Randomized Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- The Influence of Time of Day on Critical Swimming Speed in Chronotype-Screened (Neither-Type) Well-Trained Male Swimmers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Delaying Early Morning Training Time in Swimmers: Effects on Sleep, Recovery and Performance-A Randomized Controlled Trial.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Unlocking the potential of circadian biology for cardiovascular health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Time-of-Day Effects on Postural Balance in Blind Children: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Exercise Timing in Sport: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Linking Performance, Recovery, and Biological Cost.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Self selected music during warm up improves anaerobic performance in female handball players across time of day.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of long-haul airline travel on athletic performance and recovery: A critical review of the literature.Experimental physiology · 2025Review
- Impact of blood flow restriction training timing: Does exercising at dusk or dawn enhance response?Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Absence of Sex-Specific Circadian Variations in Strength Among Military Cadets: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Rest Activity Rhythms and Their Association with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Energetics in Older Adults: Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025Article
- Muscle Rev-erb controls time-dependent adaptations to chronic exercise in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Timing of resistance exercise and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with prediabetes: a secondary analysis.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- Diurnal Variations in Upper and Lower Body Power in Adolescent Volleyball Players: Exploring Time-of-Day Effects on Performance.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Diurnal variation of psychomotor, cognitive and physical performances in schoolchildren: sex comparison.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionDiurnal variations in physical performance can affect athletes' success in competitive sports depending on whether the time of peak performance concurs with the time of competition. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the diurnal variation in maximum endurance and strength performance.
methodsThe databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2020. The search string was externally reviewed according to PRESS guidelines, and the review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines and registered beforehand on PROSPERO. Eligibility criteria were that 1) the studies included humans and 2) any kind of maximum endurance or maximum strength test was performed at 3) a minimum of three different times of the day. There were no restrictions regarding study design, participants' sex, age, or fitness levels.
resultsFrom 10,460 screened articles, 63 articles met all three inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis on the harmonizable 29 studies provided evidence for diurnal variations in physical performance. In detail, the overall effect sizes (95% confidence intervals) were 0.23 (0.05-0.40), 0.73 (0.37-1.09), 0.39 (0.18-0.60), and 0.79 (0.28-1.30) for endurance exercise tests, maximum power output in the Wingate test, handgrip strength, and jump height, respectively, all in favor of higher performance in the evening. The overall risk of bias in individual studies was moderately high.
conclusionsThere is strong evidence that anaerobic power and jump height are maximal between 1300 and 2000 h. There is some evidence that handgrip strength peaks between 1400 and 2100 h, but only little evidence that there is a time of peak performance in maximum endurance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.