ArticleDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2022
Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, executive function, and processing speed.
Article in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relationship between X chromosome mosaicism, neuroanatomy and cognitive performance in females.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Klinefelter syndrome and ADHD: a short systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Maternal exacerbating and protective factors that shape the prevalence and severity of child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- X- vs. Y-chromosome influences on human behavior: a deep phenotypic comparison of psychopathology in XXY and XYY syndromes.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Understanding the Neuropsychological Implications of Klinefelter Syndrome in Pediatric Populations: Current Perspectives.Pediatric reports · 2024Review
- Rare X-linked variants carry predominantly male risk in autism, Tourette syndrome, and ADHD.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Reduced effects of social feedback on learning in Turner syndrome.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimTo study sex differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, we explored whether X chromosome absence or excess is independently associated with deficits in attention and hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed.
methodWe assessed 116 children (ages 3y 10mo-11y 11mo, mean 8y 5mo, SD 1y 11mo) with a variable number of sex chromosomes: 36 females with Turner syndrome (45, X0), 20 males with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), 37 typically developing females (XX), and 23 typically developing males (XY).
resultsX chromosome absence was associated with increased attention problems, hyperactivity, and deficits in inhibitory control, compared with female children with XX (all p<0.003). Conversely, X chromosome excess was associated with weakness in working memory (p=0.018) and approached significance for attention problems (p=0.071) but not with hyperactivity, or weakness in inhibitory control relative to male children with XY. Using non-parametric effect size to quantify the clinical effect revealed that X chromosome absence affected attention, hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed (all r>0.4), while X excess affected in-laboratory as well as parent-reported working memory (all r>0.4).
interpretationOur observations provide compelling evidence that the absence or excess of an X chromosome distinctly affects cognition and behaviors associated with ADHD.
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