ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2022
Spatial analysis and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride in drinking water using GIS and Monte Carlo simulation.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Applications of geographical information system and spatial analysis in Indian health research: a systematic review.BMC health services research · 2024Pooled it
- Groundwater compliant with drinking water standards poses a "silent risk" of cumulative health hazards.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2026Article
- Investigation and risk assessment of fluoride concentration in drinking water, soil and food products in Hamedan rural areas.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of fluoride in groundwater in the oasis of the Hotan river basin in Xinjiang, China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and principal component analysis in the Achnera block, Agra district, Uttar Pradesh, Northern India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Variability of groundwater fluoride and its proportionate risk quantification via Monte Carlo simulation in rural and urban areas of Agra district, India.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Evaluation of Elevated Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Suitability Assessment for Drinking Purposes Based on Water Quality Index.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Chemical characteristics, evolution, and quality of groundwater and processes controlling its fluoride concentration features: case study of a typical high-fluoride areas in the Southwestern Shandong Plain, China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health problem especially in many states of India. It is necessary to find out the fluoride endemic areas to adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. The target goals of this research were to assess (a) the exposure of fluoride concentration; (b) probabilistic risk assessment, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty through intake of groundwater among population of Agra City (infants, children and adults) by Crystal Ball software; and (c) spatial distribution of HQ and fluoride concentration. A total of sixty samples from standing tube wells/hand pumps were gathered from selected and identified fluoride prevalent areas in Agra City. The concentration of fluoride scrutinized was obtained to be ranging from 1.32 to 4.60 mg/L with mean value of 2.36 in Agra City, and more than 91% of samples investigated surpassed the allowable level set for fluoride concentration in potable water 1.5 mg/L, although 9% of the samples were well within the drinking water guidelines (0.5-1.5 mg/L). The hazard quotient (HQ) was obtained to an enormous difference in the exposure dose in infants (1.66-3.91), children (1.87-4.4), and adults (0.92-2.16), correspondingly. The non-carcinogenic HQ values in the group of infants, children, and more than 90% of adults were higher than those of the safety level (i.e., HQ >1). Consequently, the non-carcinogenic risks (HQ level) of fluoride vary from the most to the least: children, infant, and adults, respectively. With 87.41% certainty, the results indicated that the HQ values are between 1 and 3.42. So, infant is the most vulnerable group to fluoride consumption in study area. Uncertainty analysis results indicated that the children group's HQ level was between 1 and 1.90 with 38.48% certainty. To avoid further worsening of the situation as far as health is concerned, remedial actions like alternate sources of water supply and appropriate treatment of water need to be adopted besides required medical attention to affected people.
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