ArticleRoyal Society open science2021
Twist and lock: nutshell structures for high strength and energy absorption.
Article in Royal Society open science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Raphia hookeri seed-inspired weakly anisotropic nanocomposites.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Optimization of mechanical performance in bioinspired FDM-printed PLA sandwich structures using machine learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Generative Design of 3D-Printed Biomimetic Interlocking Blocks Inspired by the Cellular 3D Puzzle Structure of the Walnut Shell.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Zygospore formation in Zygnematophyceae predates several land plant traits.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Zygospore development ofFrontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- Cell geometry regulates tissue fracture.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Ginkgo seed shell provides a unique model for bioinspired design.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- The walnut shell network: 3D visualisation of symplastic and apoplastic transport routes in sclerenchyma tissue.Planta · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nutshells achieve remarkable properties by optimizing structure and chemistry at different hierarchical levels. Probing nutshells from the cellular down to the nano- and molecular level by microchemical and nanomechanical imaging techniques reveals insights into nature's packing concepts. In walnut and pistachio shells, carbohydrate and lignin polymers assemble to form thick-walled puzzle cells, which interlock three-dimensionally and show high tissue strength. Pistachio additionally achieves high-energy absorption by numerous lobes interconnected via ball-joint-like structures. By contrast, the three times more lignified walnut shells show brittle LEGO-brick failure, often along the numerous pit channels. In both species, cell walls (CWs) show distinct lamellar structures. These lamellae involve a helicoidal arrangement of cellulose macrofibrils as a recurring motif. Between the two nutshell species, these lamellae show differences in thickness and pitch angle, which can explain the different mechanical properties on the nanolevel. Our in-depth study of the two nutshell tissues highlights the role of cell form and their interlocking as well as plant CW composition and structure for mechanical protection. Understanding these plant shell concepts might inspire biomimetic material developments as well as using walnut and pistachio shell waste as sustainable raw material in future applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.