ArticlePharmacogenomics and personalized medicine2021
Economic Impact of the Application of a Precision Medicine Model (5SPM) on Psychotic Patients.
Article in Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Mental Disorders: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Digital and Biomarker-Based Monitoring for Schizophrenia-Treatment Adherence.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Review
- Advancing Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry: A Descriptive Pilot Study Integrating Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics in Long-Acting Antipsychotic Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Personalized medicine and health equity: overcoming cost barriers and ethical challenges.International journal for equity in health · 2025Review
- Pharmacogenetics and laboratory medicine: from individual genes towards integral genetic testing.Advances in laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Utility of Early Intervention Including the 5-Step Precision Medicine Method in First-Episode Psychosis: Protocol for a Cohort Study With Nested Economic and Process Evaluations.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Patient and clinician perspectives on pharmacogenetic testing for antipsychotics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- A Comparison of Molecular Techniques for Improving the Methodology in the Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Clinical Utility and Implementation of Pharmacogenomics for the Personalisation of Antipsychotic Treatments.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- A systematic review of pharmacogenetic testing to guide antipsychotic treatment.Nature. Mental health · 2024Article
- Real-World Impact of a Pharmacogenomics-Enriched Comprehensive Medication Management Program.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Ten Years of Experience Support Pharmacogenetic Testing to Guide Individualized Drug Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Interventions for psychiatric disorders among university students: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that often manifests within the first three decades of life. Its prognosis is uncertain and may result in a prolonged treatment that could extend throughout the entire lifespan of the patient. Antipsychotic drugs are characterized by a high interindividual variability when considering therapeutic effect and emergence of adverse effects. Such interindividual variability is thought to be associated primarily with pharmacokinetic matters.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of the application of the 5-Step Precision Medicine model (5SPM), an approach based on the pharmacogenetic analysis of the primary genes involved in the metabolism of the therapy for each patient, restructuring treatment as necessary. PATIENTS AND
methodsOne hundred eighty-eight psychiatry patients were analysed for single nucleotide polymorphisms on genes CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A5 and ABCB1. Information on patients' diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, and hospitalizations was collected.
resultsWe achieved a cost-benefit ratio of 3.31-3.59 with a reduction of direct cost (hospitalizations plus pharmacotherapy) with a reduction of total cost in 67% of the patients who underwent the clinical intervention.
conclusionA rational Precision Medicine-based approach to psychiatric patients could result in a reduction on number of drugs required to control exacerbations, and the underlying pathologies, reducing the risk of adverse effects and improving adherence to treatment, leading to a potential decrease in direct costs. This methodology has been shown to be cost-dominant and, being based on a pharmacogenetic analysis, it has a lifelong nature, as the data obtained can be applied to other medical disciplines.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.