ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2021
Risk Factors for Development of Keratoconus: A Matched Pair Case-Control Study.
Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depression among keratoconus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and risk factors of keratoconus among school children in Oman: a population-based study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Update on the Physiopathology of Keratoconus.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Paediatric Keratoconus: An ERN-EYE Clinical Consensus Statement on Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up Care.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Proportion and clinical characteristics of keratoconus among patients attending refraction units: a retrospective facility-based study in Malawi.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Comparison of visual outcomes of phakic intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus and normal eyes.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Sex Hormone Imbalance in Keratoconus: Estrogen-Mediated Collagen Remodeling and Biomechanical Weakening.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Risk Factors of Keratoconus in High School Students in Trinidad and Tobago: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence of keratoconus in first-degree relatives: a corneal tomography-based screening study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Interventional Keratoconus Management: The Critical Imperative for Early Detection and Treatment.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Evaluating corneal topographic patterns in keratoconic eyes and their association with keratoconus changes over time.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The Future of Interventional Keratoconus Management: Perspectives on Integrating Epithelium-on Oxygen-Enriched Cross-Linking into Comprehensive Care Pathways.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic and Clinical Factors Associated with Keratoconus Severity and Follow-Up in a Tertiary Referral Cohort.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Changing Strategies in Keratoplasty After Corneal Hydrops: From Penetrating to Lamellar Approaches - A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Keratoconus and Associated Risk Factors Among High School Students in Couva, Trinidad: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Link Between Obesity and Keratoconus Risk Based on Genetic Evidence.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Causal Relationship Between Common Allergic Diseases and Keratoconus: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Demographic and topographic findings suggesting poor response to crosslinking-iontophoresis in patients with progressive keratoconus.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Keratoconus.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Article
- AvaGen Genetic Testing versus Ocular Screening Assessments Including the Keratoconus Severity Score (KSS) and Randleman Ectasia Risk Score System (ERSS) in Refractive Surgery Candidates.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKeratoconus, a progressive ectatic corneal disorder, is believed to be multifactorial in etiology with interaction between genetic and environmental factors. To date, risk factors for the development of the disease are extensively debated and need to be identified since they play a critical role in disease prevention and management. This study aimed to analyze associations between several hereditary and environmental predictors and the development of keratoconus. PATIENTS AND
methodsThis was a retrospective matched pair case-control study. The study was conducted in Ibn-Alhaitham eye teaching hospital between March 2016 and April 2017. Patients with keratoconus (cases) and their age- and gender-matched controls were asked about childhood and early teenage eye rubbing, ocular trauma, obesity, contact lens wear, smoking and sunlight exposure, family history of keratoconus, parental consanguinity and information related to socio-economic status. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to test the significance of associations.
resultsA total of 166 individuals (83 cases and 83 controls; 60.2% female) were included. On univariable analysis, eye rubbing, family history of keratoconus and parental consanguinity were significant risk factors for keratoconus, whereas all other factors were non-significant. On multivariable analysis, eye rubbing (odds ratio: 4.93;
conclusionFamily history of keratoconus, eye rubbing, and parental consanguinity were significant risk factors for keratoconus development. These results support the evidence for multifactorial etiology, the most important factor being hereditary predisposition.
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