ReviewNature immunology2021
Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection.
Review in Nature immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- From danger to resolution: targeting purinergic signaling in CNS diseases.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2026Review
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- Gamma-type immunoglobulin enhances phagocytosis of amyloid-beta fibrils by microglia.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Disruption of the brain-spleen axis impairs monocyte-microglia communication and accelerates disease progression in a mouse model of amyloidosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Regulator of G protein signaling 10: a critical regulator of chronic systemic inflammation in parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- TLR7-induced murine inflammation results in a global neuroinflammatory response driving neural circuit-specific transcriptomic changes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Coreceptor usage of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid-derived HIV-1 subtype C variants.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Integrative CSF profiling identifies disease-specific immune responses in leptomeningeal disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Resilient Calvarial Bone Marrow Supports Retinal Repair in Type 2 Diabetes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier based onBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Review
- Molecular Signatures of Id2- and Ascl4-Induced Wiring of Adult Hippocampal Neurons.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- The potential role of COX-2/PGs signaling pathway in epileptogenesis and associated neuroinflammation: collusions or serendipity.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- The Aging Meninges: Anatomical and Immunological Remodeling as Emerging Diagnostic Biomarkers of Cerebral Senescence-A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The effect of neuroimmune signalling on drug addiction.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Cytokines as a Shared Pathophysiological Pathway in Depression and Chronic Insomnia: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- A Lipid Road to Neuroimmunology: Fatty Acids Linking Immune and Nervous Systems.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Unconventional guardians of the brain: MAIT cells as emerging players in glioblastoma immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- NETosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Neuroinflammation and Disease Pathogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas reveals resident dendritic-like cells in the zebrafish brain parenchyma.eLife · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Powassan virus.Virulence · 2025Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For decades, it was commonly accepted that the brain is secluded from peripheral immune activity and is self-sufficient for its maintenance and repair. This simplistic perception was based on the presence of resident immune cells, the microglia, and barrier systems within the brain, and the assumption that the central nervous system (CNS) lacks lymphatic drainage. This view was revised with the discoveries that higher functions of the CNS, homeostasis and repair are supported by peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells. The findings of bone marrow-derived immune cells in specialized niches, and the renewed observation that a lymphatic drainage system exists within the brain, further contributed to this revised model. In this Review, we describe the immune niches within the brain, the contribution of professional immune cells to brain functions, the bidirectional relationships between the CNS and the immune system and the relevance of immune components to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.