Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34429521›Full record

ArticleThe ISME journal2022

Genetic engineering of marine cyanophages reveals integration but not lysogeny in T7-like cyanophages.

Dror Shitrit, Thomas Hackl, Raphael Laurenceau, Nicolas Raho, Michael C G Carlson, Gazalah Sabehi, Daniel A Schwartz, Sallie W Chisholm, Debbie Lindell

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The ISME journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Genetic Engineering of Lysogenic-Lytic Switch Genes ImprovesInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. A pentose, as a cytosine nucleobase modification inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Marine viral particles reveal an expansive repertoire of phage-parasitizing mobile elements.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Dror ShitritFaculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Thomas HacklDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-320X
Raphael LaurenceauDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nicolas RahoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Michael C G CarlsonFaculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2881-0534
Gazalah SabehiFaculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Daniel A SchwartzFaculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-3070
Sallie W ChisholmDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-2445
Debbie LindellFaculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. dlindell@technion.ac.il.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0612-4517

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Marine cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on earth, spanning vast regions of the oceans and contributing significantly to global primary production. Their viruses (cyanophages) greatly influence cyanobacterial ecology and evolution. Although many cyanophage genomes have been sequenced, insight into the functional role of cyanophage genes is limited by the lack of a cyanophage genetic engineering system. Here, we describe a simple, generalizable method for genetic engineering of cyanophages from multiple families, that we named REEP for REcombination, Enrichment and PCR screening. This method enables direct investigation of key cyanophage genes, and its simplicity makes it adaptable to other ecologically relevant host-virus systems. T7-like cyanophages often carry integrase genes and attachment sites, yet exhibit lytic infection dynamics. Here, using REEP, we investigated their ability to integrate and maintain a lysogenic life cycle. We found that these cyanophages integrate into the host genome and that the integrase and attachment site are required for integration. However, stable lysogens did not form. The frequency of integration was found to be low in both lab cultures and the oceans. These findings suggest that T7-like cyanophage integration is transient and is not part of a classical lysogenic cycle.

Indexed as

BacteriophagesProchlorococcusSynechococcusGenetic EngineeringHumansLysogeny

Identifiers

PMID34429521
PMCPMC8776855

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.