ArticleDiabetes care2021
National Trends in Out-of-Pocket Costs Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes Aged 18-64 Years: 2001-2017.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prescription Medication Expenditures for Patients With Diabetes in the United States: 2012-2021.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Diabetes diagnosis based on glucose control levels and time until diagnosis: a regression discontinuity approach to assess the effect on direct healthcare costs.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Lifetime Medical Spending Attributed to Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Longitudinal Study Using 1999-2019 National Medicare Claims.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Cost and utilization of healthcare services for persons with diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2023Article
- 100 years of Insulin: Why is Insulin So Expensive and What Can be Done to Control Its Cost?Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess national trends in out-of-pocket (OOP) costs among adults aged 18-64 years with diabetes in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsUsing data from the 2001-2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we estimated total per person annual OOP costs (insurance premiums, prescription drug costs, inpatient and outpatient deductibles, copays, and other payments not covered by insurance) and high OOP cost rate, defined as the percentage of people with OOP spending >10% of their family's pretax income. We examined trends overall, by subgroup (insurance type, income level, insulin use, size of patient's employer, and whether the patient was enrolled in a high deductible health plan), and by type of service. Changes in trends were identified using joinpoint analysis; costs were adjusted to 2017 U.S. dollars.
resultsFrom 2001 to 2017, OOP costs decreased 4.3%, from $4,328 to $4,139, and the high OOP cost rate fell 32%, from 28 to 19% (
conclusionsOOP costs among U.S. nonelderly adults with diabetes declined, especially among those least able to afford them. Future studies may explore factors contributing to the decline in OOP costs and the impact on the quality of diabetes care and complication rates.
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