ReviewThe Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases
The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines.
Review in The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 pandemic: the delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Pooled it
- Explainable convolutional neural network model provides an alternative genome-wide association perspective on mutations in SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal analysis of hybrid immunity in a Vietnamese COVID-19 cohort demonstrates vaccination-associated broadening of cross-variant neutralization across diverse HLA backgrounds.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Transcriptomic analysis of differential expression between surviving and nonsurviving patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advances in Virus Biorecognition and Detection Techniques for the Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases.Biosensors · 2025Review
- An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 drives escape from mRNA vaccine-induced humoral immunity.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Prediction of hospitalization time probability for COVID-19 patients with statistical and machine learning methods using blood parameters.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) Spike Proteins Interacting with hACE2 Enzyme.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Uncovering strain- and age-dependent innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in air-liquid-interface cultured nasal epithelia.iScience · 2024Article
- Progressive Evolutionary Dynamics of Gene-Specific ω Led to the Emergence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Strains Having Super-Infectivity and Virulence with Vaccine Neutralization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Non-specific protection against severe COVID-19 associated to typhoid fever and DTP vaccination.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Review
- Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Unraveling the Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations: Insights from Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Kinetics.Biosensors · 2024Review
- Effectiveness of BBV152 vaccine and ChAdOx1-S vaccine in preventing severe disease among vaccinated patients admitted to a designated COVID-19 hospital in India.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2024Article
- Structural proteins of human coronaviruses: what makes them different?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Identification of virus-rich intermediate cells as crucial players in SARS-CoV-2 infection and differentiation dynamics of human airway epithelium.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and antigenic evasion: spotlight on isolated Omicron sub-lineages.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the first described human infection with SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019 many subunit protein vaccines have been proposed for use in humans. Subunit vaccines use one or more antigens suitable for eliciting a robust immune response. However, the major concern is the efficacy of subunit vaccines and elicited antibodies to neutralize the variants of SARS-CoV-2 like B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P1 (Gamma), B.1.617 (Delta) and C.37 (Lambda). The Spike protein (S) is a potential fragment for use as an antigen in vaccine development. This protein plays a crucial role in the first step of the infection process, as it binds to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and enters the host cell after binding. Immunization-induced specific antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) may block and effectively prevent virus invasion. The focus of this review is the impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda) on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines. To date, a low or no significant impact on vaccine efficacy against Alpha and Delta variants has been reported. Such an impact on vaccine efficacy for Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Lambda variants may be even greater compared to the Alpha variant. Nonetheless, more comprehensive analyses are needed to assess the real impact on vaccine efficacy brought about by SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.