Observational studyJAMA2021
Trends in Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in the US, 2001-2017.
Observational study in JAMA, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 376 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of SMART GOAL Setting Protocol on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Children and Adolescents With Prediabetes; a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Addressing Intergenerational Obesity and Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Among Individuals [PIHRK'D] Living With Diabetes in Rural Kentucky
Studying the Presence of CFRD Complications With Thoughtful Recruitment (SPeCTRuM)
Who cites it
376 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 586 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Adverse Outcomes and Associated Factors Among Children and Youths With Diabetes Mellitus in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of youth type 2 diabetes in global Indigenous populations: a systematic review.Diabetologia · 2026Pooled it
- Health of school-age children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative analysis of burden of topmost disorders requiring rehabilitation services: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating efficacy and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in diabetes treatment: a meta-analysis and network pharmacology study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention Versus Usual Care for Latino Youth With Prediabetes.Pediatric obesity · 2025Trial
- Diabetes distress among caregivers of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Feasibility and acceptability of the TEAM pilot trial with African American and Latino families.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2025Trial
- Mindfulness-based group intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: initial findings from a pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trial.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2024Trial
- Circulating Metabolite Biomarkers of Glycemic Control in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2024Trial
- Associations of Coping Strategies With Glycemic and Psychosocial Outcomes Among Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Experiencing Diabetes Distress.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2024Trial
- Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Late 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating for Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2024Trial
- Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and Tirzepatide Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SURPASS Clinical Trial Program.Diabetes care · 2024Trial
- Shared non-HLA genetic architecture across diverse ancestries links insulin secretion and resistance to type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Disease Education and Health Services Among Public High Schools.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Article
- Linking pediatric obesity to youth-onset type 2 diabetes: integrated longitudinal and cross-sectional evidence from population-based studies worldwide.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- A framework for assessing algorithmic discrimination risks in training data: a case of pediatric type 1 diabetes.JAMIA open · 2026Article
316 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedError in Figure.2021
Authors and funding
14 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Changes in the prevalence of youth-onset diabetes have previously been observed. Objective: To estimate changes in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youths in the US from 2001 to 2017. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional observational study, individuals younger than 20 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes were enumerated from 6 areas in the US (4 geographic areas, 1 health plan, and select American Indian reservations) for 2001, 2009, and 2017. Exposures: Calendar year. Main Outcomes and Measures: Estimated prevalence of physician-diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes overall and by race and ethnicity, age, and sex. Results: Among youths 19 years or younger, 4958 of 3.35 million had type 1 diabetes in 2001, 6672 of 3.46 million had type 1 diabetes in 2009, and 7759 of 3.61 million had type 1 diabetes in 2017; among those aged 10 to 19 years, 588 of 1.73 million had type 2 diabetes in 2001, 814 of 1.85 million had type 2 diabetes in 2009, and 1230 of 1.85 million had type 2 diabetes in 2017. The estimated type 1 diabetes prevalence per 1000 youths for those 19 years or younger increased significantly from 1.48 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52) in 2001 to 1.93 (95% CI, 1.88-1.98) in 2009 to 2.15 (95% CI, 2.10-2.20) in 2017, an absolute increase of 0.67 per 1000 youths (95%, CI, 0.64-0.70) and a 45.1% (95% CI, 40.0%-50.4%) relative increase over 16 years. The greatest absolute increases were observed among non-Hispanic White (0.93 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.88-0.98]) and non-Hispanic Black (0.89 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.88-0.98]) youths. The estimated type 2 diabetes prevalence per 1000 youths aged 10 to 19 years increased significantly from 0.34 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37) in 2001 to 0.46 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49) in 2009 to 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.70) in 2017, an absolute increase of 0.32 per 1000 youths (95% CI, 0.30-0.35) and a 95.3% (95% CI, 77.0%-115.4%) relative increase over 16 years. The greatest absolute increases were observed among non-Hispanic Black (0.85 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.74-0.97]) and Hispanic (0.57 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.51-0.64]) youths. Conclusions and Relevance: In 6 areas of the US from 2001 to 2017, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among children and adolescents increased for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.