Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34426494›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads.

Jayna L DeVore, Michael R Crossland, Richard Shine, Simon Ducatez

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The spread of non-native species.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jayna L DeVoreSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006; jaynadevore@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-6697-9165
Michael R CrosslandSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006.ORCID 0000-0001-9967-7158
Richard ShineSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006.ORCID 0000-0001-7529-5657
Simon DucatezSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006.ORCID 0000-0003-2865-4674

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biotic conflict can create evolutionary arms races, in which innovation in one group increases selective pressure on another, such that organisms must constantly adapt to maintain the same level of fitness. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the same species. Intraspecific conflict can be an especially important selective force in high-density invasive populations, which may favor the evolution of strategies for outcompeting or eliminating conspecifics. Cannibalism is one such strategy; by killing and consuming their intraspecific competitors, cannibals enhance their own performance. Cannibalistic behaviors may therefore be favored in invasive populations. Here, we show that cane toad tadpoles (

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionCannibalismIntroduced SpeciesAdaptation, PhysiologicalAnimalsBufo marinusFemaleMaleBaldwin effectscanalizationco-adaptationphenotypic plasticityplasticity costs

Identifiers

PMID34426494
PMCPMC8536350

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.