ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2021
Seroprevalence and Virologic Surveillance of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A6, United Kingdom, 2006-2017.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between ambient air pollution and risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of coxsackievirus A6 and enterovirus A71 infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of virology · 2023Pooled it
- Genetic variation, recombinant characteristics, and seroprevalence analysis of echovirus 3 causing severe and mild cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guizhou Province.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Global epidemiological and aetiological patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a country-level scoping synthesis.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Targeted sequence capture of coxsackievirus A6 using nanopore sequencing directly from clinical specimens.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Among Children and Adolescents in Türkiye.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized children with enterovirus infection: a retrospective study from 2016 to 2025 at Beijing children's hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Enhancing detection of severe enterovirus infections: A data linkage study of ICD-10 codes with national enterovirus laboratory data, Denmark, 2010 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Epidemiological, etiological, and serological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guizhou Province, Southwest China, from 2008 to 2023.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Enterovirus circulation in the WHO European region, 2015-2022: a comparison of data from WHO's three core poliovirus surveillance systems and the European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network (ENPEN).The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Visual detection of Coxsackievirus A6 using a reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction method.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Coxsackievirus A6 U.K. Genetic and Clinical Epidemiology Pre- and Post-SARS-CoV-2 Emergence.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to acute liver injury caused by CVA6 infection in mice.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A6 circulation in England, UK, 2006-2017: A mathematical modelling study using cross-sectional seroprevalence data.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Review
- A review of the recombination events, mechanisms and consequences of Coxsackievirus A6.Infectious medicine · 2024Review
- Seasonal Testing, Results, and Effect of the Pandemic on Coxsackievirus Serum Studies.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Circulating trends of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hubei Province, China: Impact from the COVID-19 pandemic.Heliyon · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and are occasionally linked to severe neurologic complications and large outbreaks worldwide. We estimated EV-A71 and CVA6 seroprevalence using cross-sectional age-stratified samples collected in 2006, 2011, and 2017. Seroprevalences of EV-A71 and CVA6 increased from 32% and 54% at 6-11 months to >75% by 10 years of age. Antibody titers declined after 20 years, which could indicate infrequent re-exposure in older populations. Age profiles for acquiring infections and mean titers were comparable in the 3 testing years, despite the marked increase in incidence of CVA6-related HFMD from 2010. The uncoupling of changes in disease severity from the infection kinetics of CVA6 as we inferred from the seroprevalence data, rather than incidence of infection over the 11-year study period, provides further evidence for a change in its pathogenicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.