ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2022
Sex Differences in Influenza: The Challenge Study Experience.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Phenotypes of Sex- and Age-Specific Differences Relating to Outcome in Patients With Ebola Virus Disease.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Biological sex influences immune response to influenza infection in juvenile outbred mice.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Beyond influenza-like-illness: data-driven syndromic surveillance for fine-scale monitoring of seasonal respiratory viruses.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Vaccination status as a determinant of hospitalization in influenza: Insights from emergency department data.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Observational
- Viral shedding and symptom severity across populations during acute COVID in the ACTIV-2 study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Biological sex differences after high and low doses of influenza A virus infection during obesity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of Sex on Viral Shedding and Symptom Severity During Acute COVID-19.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Article
- Spatial variation in socio-economic vulnerability to Influenza-like Infection for the US population.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- A protective and heterosubtypic antibody lineage targeting the influenza A virus neuraminidase active site.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Biological Sex Differences after High and Low Doses of Influenza A Virus Infection in a Diet-induced Obesity Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Nasal and systemic immune responses correlate with viral shedding after influenza challenge in people with complex preexisting immunity.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID-19 epidemiology of community respiratory viruses at a single US center reveals sex differences in influenza A and a higher ICU incidence of human metapneumovirus in the elderly population.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pre-Existing Allergic Inflammation Alters Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Mice Co-Infected with Influenza Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- [Epidemiological, clinical, and virological profile of influenza in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 2009 to 2018].The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Sexual dimorphism in immunity and longevity among the oldest old.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Molecular epidemiological analysis of Influenza viruses in Influenza-like illness cases: a retrospective study in Chongqing Hi-Tech Zone, China (2021-2024).Virology journal · 2024Article
- Review
- Impact of Pre-Existing Immunity and Age on Antibody Responses to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Sex Differences during Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination and Comparison of Cytokine and Antibody Responses between Plasma and Serum Samples.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPreclinical animal studies and retrospective human studies suggest that adult females have worse outcomes from influenza than males. Prospective studies in humans are missing.
methodsData from 164 healthy volunteers who underwent influenza A/California/04/2009/H1N1 challenge were compiled to compare differences between sexes. Baseline characteristics, including hormone levels, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers, neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) titers, and outcomes after challenge were compared. Linear and logistic regression models were built to determine significant predictor variables with respect to outcomes of interest.
resultsHAI titers were similar between the sexes, but NAI titers were higher in males than females at 4 weeks and 8 weeks postchallenge. Females were more likely to have symptoms (mean, 0.96 vs 0.80; P = .003) and to have a higher number of symptoms (median, 3 vs 4; P = .011) than males. Linear and logistic regression models showed that prechallenge NAI titers, but not HAI titers or sex hormone levels, were predictive of all shedding and symptom outcomes of interest.
conclusionsFemales in our cohorts were more likely to be symptomatic and to have a higher number of symptoms than males. NAI titers predicted all outcomes of interest and may explain differential outcomes between the sexes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.