ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2021
Warm Weather and Surgical Site Infections: A Meta-analysis.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A meta-analysis of risk factors for non-superficial surgical site infection following spinal surgery.BMC surgery · 2023Pooled it
- Balancing Objectivity and Humanity: Ethical Challenges and Considerations in Surgical Candidacy Decisions.HEC forum : an interdisciplinary journal on hospitals' ethical and legal issues · 2026Article
- Climatic and clinical risk factors for surgical site infection following spine fusion surgery: a large-scale big data analysis.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Seasonal Factors Associated with Surgical Site Infections Following Gynecologic and Obstetric Surgeries and Pathogen Identification: A Retrospective Study in A Single Center in China.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Evaluation of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in clean-wound general surgery procedures: a propensity score-matched cohort study at a regional hospital.BMC surgery · 2024Article
- Seasonal Impact on Wound Healing and Surgical Site Infections after Reduction Mammoplasty.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Temporal patterns and clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated infections in surgery patients: A retrospective study in a major Chinese tertiary hospital.Infectious medicine · 2024Article
- The Association of Season of Surgery and Patient Reported Outcomes following Total Hip Arthroplasty.Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation · 2024Article
- From emissions to incisions and beyond: the repercussions of climate change on surgical disease in low- and-middle-income countries.BMC surgery · 2023Article
- Article
- [Climate change and (surgical) health in context].Chirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Seasonal Impact on Free Flap Surgery in Terms of Flap Loss and Wound Healing Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 158 Free Flaps.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Optimizing Surgical Site Infection Prevention in Dermatologic Surgery.Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgeryReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Seasonal variability, in terms of warm weather, has been demonstrated to be a significant risk factor for surgical site infections (SSIs). However, this remains an underexposed risk factor for SSIs, and many clinicians are not aware of this. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted to investigate and quantify this matter.
methodsArticles were searched in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar, and data were extracted from relevant studies. Meta-analysis used random effects models to estimate and compare the pooled odds ratios (OR) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) of surgery performed during the warmest period of the year and the colder period of the year.
resultsThe systematic review included 20 studies (58,599,475 patients), of which 14 studies (58,441,420 patients) were included for meta-analysis. Various types of surgical procedures across different geographic regions were included. The warmest period of the year was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of SSIs (OR 1.39, 95%CI: [1.34-1.45],
conclusionsThe current meta-analysis showed that warm weather seasons are associated with a statistically significant risk increasement of 39% in developing SSIs. This significant risk factor might aid clinicians in preoperative patient information, possible surgical planning adjustment for high risk patients, and potentially specific antibiotic treatments during the warmer weather seasons that could result in decrease of SSIs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.