ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2021
Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cortical Region Reporting Patterns in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review of fNIRS Studies.Biosensors · 2026Pooled it
- Musical rhythm abilities and risk for developmental speech-language problems and disorders: epidemiological and polygenic associations.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- A Randomized Proof-of-Concept Study of Gamified Rhythmic Training in Autistic Children.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Trial
- Automated Detection of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using Face-to-Face Mobile Technology Among Typically Developing Greek Children: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2024Trial
- Atypical auditory cortical processing in ADHD during early and middle childhood.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Distinct Rhythmic Competencies Identified via Internet-Based Assessment.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Processing speed deficits: A missing link in understanding individual variation in children's interval timing skills?Developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Sense of Time in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD and Developmental Dyscalculia from a Dimensional and Transdiagnostic Perspective.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Rhythm Processing Across Development: Origins, Links to Language Processing, and Perspectives for Intervention.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Review
- From Finger Taps to Footsteps: Gait as a Model for Investigating and Training Rhythmic Abilities.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Review
- Dual-informant clinical outcome assessment in the inclusive orchestra: measurement architecture for neurodevelopmental disorders prior to empirical evaluation.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Differential contribution of working memory to auditory rhythm discrimination in stuttering and nonstuttering adults.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Investigating Generalizability of Top-Down Neural Representation of Meter in Infancy.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neural Discrimination of Temporal Patterns-Associations to Dyslexia Risk, Language Abilities, and Music Activities.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Eye blinks synchronize with musical beats during music listening.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Thorough clinical child psychiatric diagnostic evaluation and validation of the Autism- Tics, ADHD and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) in a population-based sample of 9-year-olds.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Temporal Predictions in Music and Language: The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
- Neural encoding of auditory rhythm beyond cortical auditory areas before the age of term.iScience · 2025Article
- Preschool musicality is associated with school-age communication abilities through genes related to rhythmicity.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Quantifying Body Motion Synchrony in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Phase Difference Detection Algorithm: Toward a Novel Behavioral Biomarker.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Millions of children are impacted by neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which unfold early in life, have varying genetic etiologies and can involve a variety of specific or generalized impairments in social, cognitive and motor functioning requiring potentially lifelong specialized supports. While specific disorders vary in their domain of primary deficit (e.g. autism spectrum disorder (social), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (attention), developmental coordination disorder (motor) and developmental language disorder (language)), comorbidities between NDDs are common. Intriguingly, many NDDs are associated with difficulties in skills related to rhythm, timing and synchrony though specific profiles of rhythm/timing impairments vary across disorders. Impairments in rhythm/timing may instantiate vulnerabilities for a variety of NDDs and may contribute to both the primary symptoms of each disorder as well as the high levels of comorbidities across disorders. Drawing upon genetic, neural, behavioural and interpersonal constructs across disorders, we consider how disrupted rhythm and timing skills early in life may contribute to atypical developmental cascades that involve overlapping symptoms within the context of a disorder's primary deficits. Consideration of the developmental context, as well as common and unique aspects of the phenotypes of different NDDs, will inform experimental designs to test this hypothesis including via potential mechanistic intervention approaches. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.