Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34420043›Full record

ArticleMucosal immunology2021

Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8

Malte Lehmann, Kristina Allers, Claudia Heldt, Jenny Meinhardt, Franziska Schmidt, Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke, Désirée Kunkel, Michael Schumann, Chotima Böttcher, Christiane Stahl-Hennig and 10 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Mucosal immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
54citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes drive CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with Human Target Cells-A Metabolic View.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Malte LehmannMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Kristina AllersMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Claudia HeldtMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Jenny MeinhardtDepartment of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Franziska SchmidtFlow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitä̈tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Yasmina Rodriguez-SillkeMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Désirée KunkelFlow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitä̈tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Michael SchumannMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Chotima BöttcherKlinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Christiane Stahl-HennigGerman Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
Sefer ElezkurtajInstitute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Christian BojarskiMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Helena RadbruchDepartment of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Victor M CormanInstitute of Virology and German Centre for Infection Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Thomas SchneiderMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Christoph LoddenkemperPathoTres, Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Teltowkanalstr. 2, 12247, Berlin, Germany.
Verena MoosMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Carl WeidingerMedical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
Anja A Kühl *The Transregio 241 IBDome Consortium, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Britta Siegmund *Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany. britta.siegmund@charite.de.ORCID 0000-0002-0055-958X
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · DEBerlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin · DEGerman Primate Center · DEPraxis für Humangenetik · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has so far claimed over three and a half million lives worldwide. Though the SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease COVID-19 has first been characterized by an infection of the upper airways and the lung, recent evidence suggests a complex disease including gastrointestinal symptoms. Even if a direct viral tropism of intestinal cells has recently been demonstrated, it remains unclear, whether gastrointestinal symptoms are caused by direct infection of the gastrointestinal tract by SARS-CoV-2 or whether they are a consequence of a systemic immune activation and subsequent modulation of the mucosal immune system. To better understand the cause of intestinal symptoms we analyzed biopsies of the small intestine from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Applying qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA and nucleocapsid protein in duodenal mucosa. In addition, applying imaging mass cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we identified histomorphological changes of the epithelium, which were characterized by an accumulation of activated intraepithelial CD8

Indexed as

Immunity, MucosalLymphocyte ActivationAdultAgedAnimalsApoptosisCase-Control StudiesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCell ProliferationChlorocebus aethiopsCOVID-19DuodenumFemaleHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansIntestinal Diseases

Identifiers

PMID34420043
PMCPMC8379580
OpenAlexW3193966598

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.