Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34419083›Full record

ArticleReproductive health2021

Modern contraceptive use among women in need of family planning in India: an analysis of the inequalities related to the mix of methods used.

Fernanda Ewerling, Lotus McDougal, Anita Raj, Leonardo Z Ferreira, Cauane Blumenberg, Divya Parmar, Aluisio J D Barros

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Reproductive health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
11.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Modern Contraception and Anaemia Among Reproductive-age Women in India: Results From a Household Survey.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Fernanda EwerlingInternational Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. fewerling@equidade.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3668-7134
Lotus McDougalCenter on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
Anita RajCenter on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
Leonardo Z FerreiraInternational Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Cauane BlumenbergInternational Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Divya ParmarKing's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
Aluisio J D BarrosInternational Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Universidade Federal de Pelotas · BRUniversity of California San Diego · USKing's College London · GB

Funding

Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 101815/Z/13/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo evaluate the type of contraceptives used by women in need of family planning in India and the inequalities associated with that use according to women's age, education, wealth, subnational region of residence and empowerment level.

methodsUsing data from the Indian National Family and Health Survey-4 (2015-2016), we evaluated the proportion of partnered women aged 15-49 years with demand for family planning satisfied (DFPS) with modern contraceptive methods. We also explored the share of each type of contraception [short- (e.g., condom, pill) and long-acting (i.e., IUD) reversible contraceptives and permanent methods] and related inequalities.

resultsThe majority (71.8%; 95% CI 71.4-72.2) of women in need of contraception were using a modern method, most (76.1%) in the form of female sterilization. Condom and contraceptive pill were the second and third most frequently used methods (11.8% and 8.5%, respectively); only 3.2% reported IUD. There was a nearly linear exchange from short-acting to permanent contraceptive methods as women aged. Women in the poorest wealth quintile had DFPS with modern methods at least 10 percentage points lower than other women. We observed wide geographic variation in DFPS with modern contraceptives, ranging from 23.6% (95% CI 22.1-25.2) in Manipur to 93.6% (95% CI 92.8-94.3) in Andhra Pradesh. Women with more accepting attitudes towards domestic violence and lower levels of social independence had higher DFPS with modern methods but also had higher reliance on permanent methods. Among sterilized women, 43.2% (95% CI 42.7-43.7) were sterilized before age 25, 61.5% (95% CI 61.0-62.1) received monetary compensation for sterilization, and 20.8% (95% CI 20.3-21.3) were not informed that sterilization prevented future pregnancies.

conclusionIndian family planning policy should prioritize women-centered care, making reversible contraceptive methods widely available and promoted.

Indexed as

Contraceptive AgentsFamily Planning ServicesAdultContraceptionContraception BehaviorFemaleHumansIndiaPregnancyContraceptive AgentsContraceptive useFamily planningHealth inequalities

Identifiers

PMID34419083
PMCPMC8379729
OpenAlexW3180160046

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.